An Examination of the Impact of Floods on Food Production and Socioeconomic Development of Benue and Kogi States
Onamah Godwin Ojodomo PhD, Amana Isaac Akogwu, Alhassan Yakubu Adeku, Ode Rosemary Ayiba
Abstract
As a paradox of sorts, while the adequacy of water supply is a remedy for bumper harvest; the overflow of water has always left communities with devastating effects, especially the destruction and shortage of supply of food which has invoked further review or studies. Of the various approaches that exist to the study of flooding, this study focuses not only on the cause-effect, but the responses thereto. Data for this research was generated from primary and chiefly secondary sources, through surveys based on the administration of questionnaires and oral interviews on stakeholders. A cross-section of actors from the National Emergency Agency (NEMA), Kogi State Emergency Management Agency (KOSEMA), The sampled 300 participants used for collection of data on flood incidences, response and effects included direct victims, community leaders, Civil Society Organisations and staff of the stated agencies. What could not be measured easily due to the scarcity of the actual data was the impact of response regimes on the level of destruction. Data was analysed using the SPSS to determine the correlation between efforts put in and the impact on flooding. Findings indicate that flooding is caused by natural and human factors; and it was also realized that the overflow which was infrequent, is now becoming a recurring decimal. Whether it can be minimized, controlled or averted remains a concern on which this research cannot exhaustively discuss, beyond recommending establishment of more dams for irrigation.
Keywords
Floods
Food Production
Socioeconomic Development
Rural livelihoods
Flood Vulnerability
References
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Communities of Kogi State, Nigeria, Using an Index-Based Approach. Natural Floods
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as
an
Adaptive
Pathway
to
Climate-Resilient
Communities.
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special_issues/Natural_Flood
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Environmental
Sciences
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Retrieved
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Vulnerability in Disasters: Types and Contributing Factors (2024)
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Flooding on Households’ Livelihoods Activities in Kogi Local Government Area of Kogi
State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, Management and
Development (IJAEMD) 10(2); 2022
Yekini, J. (2023). Tribune 2022 Kogi flood: Red Cross disburses N45.7m to 1,500 victims
Abanyam, N. h. L.& Samaila. B. (2019). Flood and Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria: A
Focus on 2012 Flood Disaster. Department of Sociology, Taraba State University, Jalingo.
Taraba State, Nigeria.
Abdulkadir, I.I. (2024). NEMA News. Kogi State Government has Appreciated the Prompt
response of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) to the Flood Situation
in the state.
Abdulquadri, A. B, Emlyn, W. Rene, L. & Shehu, A. (2012). Housing Reconstruction Following
the 2012 Nigerian Floods: Was it Built Back Better? Tallinn University of Technology
Adebisi, O.A. & Akinbile, M.O. “Multi-criteria Assessment of Flood Vulnerability in Kogi State,
Nigeria using Weighted Linear Combination”. Global Journal of Agriculture, Ecology, and
Environmental Sciences. loganjournals.online
Adejoh, A. A., Jimoh, R., Sulzakimin, M., Ibrahim, Y. E., (2019). The Aftermath of 2012 Flooding
in Ibaji and Lokoja Local Government Areas of Kogi State-Nigeria. International Journal
of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR) 3(1), 6-13
Aderoju O .M1, Jantiku J, F Olayinka A, Aliyu I, Nwadike B. K. Ajonye S.E, & Salman K. S.
(2024). Geospatial Assessment of 2012 Flood Disaster in Kogi State, Nigeria. IOSR
Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
8(2), pp. 74-84 www.iosrjournals.org
Aderoju O., Jantiku, J., Fagbemiro, O., Aliyu, I., Nwadike, B., Ajonye, S. & Salman, K., (2014)
Geospatial Assessment of 2012 Flood Disaster in Kogi State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of
Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) Volume 8, (2)
Ver. IV (Mar-Apr. 2014), PP 74-84 www.iosrjournals.org
Aderoju, O., Jantiku, J., Fagbemiro, O., Aliyu, I., Nwadike, B., Ajonye, S. & Salman, K., (2014)
Geospatial Assessment of 2012 Flood Disaster in Kogi State, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of
Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) Volume 8, (2)
Ver. IV (Mar-Apr.), PP 74-84 www.iosrjournals.org
Ayobami, O. (2025). Leadership News. Flood Killed 24, Displaced 471,000 Persons – Kogi Govt
Bertram N., Ann, G., Julius. O., Ibrahim, O. and Monday, O. (2023). Flood of Fury: No Respite
for Bayelsa, Kogi, Rivers, 30 others Ahead of Another Cloudburst, (The Guardian Nigeria)
23 June 5:22am.
Bertram, N, Ann, G. Julius. O, Ibrahim O. & Monday O. (2023). The Guardian. Flood of Fury: No
Respite for Bayelsa, Kogi, Rivers, 30 Others Ahead of Another Cloudburst
Chukwu, M., & Benjamin P. Edoka, (2023). A novel Account of Flooding Devastation and
Consequences in Kogi State, Nigeria. University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science, 10(1),
139-144. https://doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v10i1.1044
Dinner, D. & Emory, L. J., 2018. Vulnerability as a Category of Historical Analysis: Initial
Thoughts in Tribute to Martha Albertson Fineman. Emery Law Journal Vol.67 (6):1147-
1163)
Emmanuel. E. (2012). Vanguard news. Lokoja — Kogi State Government said it has spent about
N565 million on 272 housing units for relocation of 2012 flood victims.
Ezenwajiobi, C. C., (2024). An Analysis of the Role of the State in Natural Disaster Management
in Nigeria: A Study of Kogi State Flooding. Journal of Economics and Allied Research.
9(2024)
Feyi. A. (2012). Daily Post Kogi Flood Victims are getting the best treatment – Deputy Governor
Fineman, M. A. 2008. The Vulnerable Subject: Anchoring Equality in the Human Condition.
SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 1131407) Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network;
Fiveable. (2024, August 1). Vulnerability Theory – Intro to World Geography.
https://fiveable.me/key-terms/introduction-world-geography/vulnerability-
theory?utm_source=chatgpt.com Fiveable)
Flood Rapid Needs Assessment - Kogi State (15 November, 2022)
Flood risk assessment in Kogi State Nigeria through the integration of hazard and vulnerability
factors.
Discover
Geoscience
(2024)
article
#31.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44288-024-00036-y SpringerLink
George, G. I. (2024) Kogi Makes Contingency Plans Ahead of Flooding, May 31, Significant
Farmland, Market Stalls, Livestock Lost. Naturenews.africa
Giriraj, A., Niranga, A.& Surajit, G.(2020). How do Floods and Drought Impact Economic Growth
and Human Development at the Sub-National Level in India? International Water
Management Institute.8(11), 123; https://doi .org/10.3390/cli8110123
https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172746
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special_issues/Natural_Flood
Ibrahim, O. (2025). This Day News. Kogi Urges Residents Living in Flood Prone Areas to Move,
Activates 42 IDP Camps
Ibrahim. O. (2024). The Guardian Nigeria Kogi Appeals to FG for Relief Amid Devastating
Flooding
Ikyapa, T.P., Abdulhamid, A., Rilwanu, T.Y., Daura, M.M. & Alogo, P.A. (2022). Appraisal of
Socio-economic, Infrastructural and Environmental Impacts of Flood in Makurdi Local
Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainability and Environmental
Management, 1(2), 210-217. https://doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i2.45364 NepJol
Jide, A. (2012). Vanguard News RAGE OF NATURE: Flood Ravages Communities Across
Nigeria
John, A. (2018). The Guardian. Flood Disaster: Kogi Braces for Another Round of Misery
John, A. (2024). Daily Post Kogi Govt calls for Help as Flood Sacks 200 Communities
Kehinde, O. (2024). Flooding Swallows’ Communities in Kogi but some Residents Stay Back to
Adapt. International Center for Investigative Reporting
Kilani, O. F., Gbenga O. F., Aminu M. I. & Roselyn I. I., (2023). Effect of flooding on the Nigerian
Economic Growth: A Case Study of Lokoja Kogi State. International Journal of Social
Science and Humanities Research 11, (2 )234-242
Kogi News Kogi Governor Establishes Flood Disaster Response Team
Oyedele, P., Kola, E., Olorunfemi, F., & Walz, Y. (2022). Understanding Flood Vulnerability in
Local Communities of Kogi State, Nigeria, Using an Index-Based Approach. Water,
14(17): 2746. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14172746 (MDPI).
Peter, O., Edinam, K., Felix, O. & Yvonne, W. (2022). Understanding Flood Vulnerability in Local
Communities of Kogi State, Nigeria, Using an Index-Based Approach. Natural Floods
Management
as
an
Adaptive
Pathway
to
Climate-Resilient
Communities.
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/water/special_issues/Natural_Flood
Rita. (2012). Daily Post. Harvest of Babies at Kogi Flood Camp
Rui.z E, M.A. & Park, D. (2011). An Introduction to the Natural Disaster Vulnerability Evaluation
Modeling (NDVE-Modeling): Theory and Application.
Shabu T. & Musa S.D. (2012). Downstream Socio-Economic Impact of Dam Failure: A Case Study
of 2012 River Flooding in Benue State, Nigeria.” Journal of Environmental Issues and
Agriculture in Developing Countries (JEIADC). icidr.org.ng
Tony, E. (2012) Vanguard. Over 5,000 Kogi Flood Victims now Refugees in Enugu
Umar, T. I., Ugwu, L. N., Eke, H. U., & Ngene, E. K. (2023). Urban Flood Management and
Planning using Lokoja and Kogi l.g.a of Kogi State, as A Case Study. Advanced Journal of
Environmental
Sciences
(AJES), 14(10),
13–28.
Retrieved
from
https://zapjournals.com/Journals/index.php/ajes/article/view/1281
Vulnerability in Disasters: Types and Contributing Factors (2024)
Yakubu, S., Olufehinti, O.M., Adekunle, O. I., Ebosele, E.O. and Adam S.A., (2022). Effects of
Flooding on Households’ Livelihoods Activities in Kogi Local Government Area of Kogi
State, Nigeria. International Journal of Agricultural Economics, Management and
Development (IJAEMD) 10(2); 2022
Yekini, J. (2023). Tribune 2022 Kogi flood: Red Cross disburses N45.7m to 1,500 victims
