Development of Biodegradable Cassava Starch Films Reinforced with Eggshell Powder for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup in Nigeria
John Alabo Michael, Chinedum O Mgbemena, Sani Mamman, Aghemwenhio Itohan, Sandra, Ese Lawrence Ekanem, Onwugbuta Godpower Chukwuemeka, Ikechukwu S, Chikwe, Aho Terhile Nathaniel and, Erienu Obruche Kennedy
Abstract
The environmental impact of petroleum-based plastics has sped up the search for biodegradable options made from renewable resources. This research looks into cassava starch films enhanced with eggshell powder (ESP) as a sustainable packaging solution, focusing on biodegradability, industrial viability, and sustainability strategies in Nigeria. The experimental sampling method was used in this study. Films were created through solution casting, using glycerol, gelatin, and beeswax as additives. Soil burial tests conducted over 90 days showed that the control film (0% ESP) degraded by 89.6%, while the reinforced film (5% ESP) degraded by 78.4%, confirming their biodegradability in natural settings. The results indicate that cassava starchβESP films are practical, eco-friendly substitutes for traditional plastics, providing a way for Nigeria to develop sustainable packaging industries.
Keywords
Biodegradable films
Cassava starch
Eggshell powder
Sustainability pathways
soil
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International.
(2024).
Standard
Specification
for
concrete
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Steel(A615/A615M-24).DOI:10.1520/A01615-24.
C. Liu, H. Li, R. Cheng, J. Guo, G.-X. Li, Q. Li, C.-F. Wang, X. Yang, S. Chen, (2022). Facile
synthesis, high fluorescence and flame retardancy of carbon dots, Journal of Materials
Science & Technology 104,163-171.
Ekpo Rose, Obruche E.K, and Marcus. A. (2024). Spatial and Temporal Variations in the
Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon, in Ambient Air From Three
Different Locations in River State, Nigeria. International Journal of New Chemistry, 12
(4), 567-580
Festus-Amadi, I. R, Erhabor, O. D, Ogwuche Christiana E, and Obruche E. K. (2021).
Characterization of Contaminated Sediments Containing Polycyclic Hydrocarbons from
Three Rivers in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Chemistry Research Journal, 6(3):1-12
Gao, X., Du, C., Zhuang, Z., & Chen, W. (2016). Carbon quantum dot-based nanoprobes for metal
ion detection. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 4(29), 6927-6945.
H. Ghazal, S. Shaker, E. Abdelaziz, (2023). Synthesis of carbon dots and its applications in textiles,
Egy. J. Chem. 66(12),71-86.
Itodo, A. U., Wuana, R. A. Erhabor, O. D., Obruche, E. K. and Agbendeh, Z. M.(2021). Evaluating
the Effects of Roofing Materials on Physicochemical Properties of Harvested Rainwater in
Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Chemical Society of Nigeria Journal, Kano, 12(1): 234-245
M. Morsy, A. Elzwawy, M. Oraby, (2022).Carbon nano based materials and their composites for
gas sensing applications: Review %j egyptian journal of chemistry, 65(5),691-714.
Obruche E. k, Erhabor O.D, Itodo A.U and Itopa S.T (2019). Spectrophotometric determination of
iron in some commercial iron containinig tablets/capsule. International journal of
advanced trends in computer applications, 1(1): 231-235
Obruche E. K, Ogwuche C.E, Erhabor O.D and Mkurzurum.C (2018). Evaluation of the
inhibitive effect of African Marigold (Tagetes erectal L.) Flower Extracts on the Corrosion
of Aluminium in Hydrochloric Acid. International Journal of Advances in Scientific
Research and Engineering, 4 (12): 167-177
Obruche E. K, Ogwuche C.E, Erhabor O.D and Mkurzurum.C (2019).Investigating Corrosion
Inhibition Effects of Tagetes Erecta L. Leaf Extrac on Aluminium in Acidic Medium.
Global Scientific Journals, 7 (1): 1-17
Obruche E. K, S.O Emakunu, & G.C Ugochukwu (2025). Rainwater harvesting:microbial asnd
chemical water quality assessment in warri district. Mosogar journal of science education,
10(1): 36-46
Obruche E.K, Itodo Adams, Wuana Raymond and Sesugh Ande (2022). Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Harvested Rainwater in Warri and Agbarho, Nigeria. Bulletin of chemical
society of Ethiopia, 36(4): 27-35
Ogwuche C.E and Obruche E.K. (2020). Physio-chemical analysis of palm oils (elaeis guineensis)
obtained from major markets in agbarho, unenurhie, opete, ughelli and evwreni town, Delta
state,
Nigeria.
International
journal
of
trend
in
scientific
research
and
development,4(2):56-60
Ozpinar, N., & Polat, Z. A. (2020). A new therapeutic approach for the treatment of cutaneous
leishmaniasis: Photothermal application of macrophage-specific antibody binding
graphene oxide nanoparticles. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 57(4), 347β355
Peng, Z., Miyanji, E. H., Zhou, Y., Pardo, J., Hettiarachchi, S. D., Li, S., ... & Leblanc, R. M.
(2017). Carbon dots: promising biomaterials for bone-specific imaging and drug delivery.
Nanoscale, 9(44), 17533-17543
R.E. Ekpo, A.C. Marcus and E.K. Obruche (2023). Spartial and Temporal Variations in the
Concentration of Particulate Matter in Ambient Air from three Different Locations in River
State, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemical Science,10(4):32-
38
UNEP. (2021). Sustainability and plastics: Progress and challenges. United Nations Environment
Programme. https://www.unep.org/resources/report
Wang, Z., Li, J., & Hu, X. (2023). Principal component analysis in polymer composite property
evaluation. Polymer Composites, 44(2), 457β469
Zhu, P., Wang, S., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Li, W., Wang, Y., Yan, X., & Luo, D. (2022). Carbon
dots in biomedicine: A review. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 5(5), 2031β2045.
