IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RJPST )

E-ISSN 2579-0536
P-ISSN 2695-2696
VOL. 7 NO. 5 2024
DOI: 10.56201/rjpst.v7.no5.2024.pg36.48

---

Determination of Particulate Matter (PM) Concentration Levels Generated During Sporting Activities in Bare and Grass Fields, and the Effects of Some Atmospheric Parameters

Usibe, Matthew E., Robert, James J

---

Abstract

This study focused on the determination of concentration levels of particulate matter (PM) generated during sporting activities in bare and grass fields, and the effects of wind, relative humidity, and temperature on emission of particulate matter. Ten bare fields (FB) and ten grass fields (FG) were selected for the study. The study utilized particulate matter monitor, digital anemometer, geographical positioning system (GPS) and measuring tape to determine PM concentration, atmospheric variables (wind speed, relative humidity, temperature), geographical coordinates, and breathable height respectively of the selected fields on a daily basis for a period of three weeks. The findings revealed that the PM concentrations were significantly higher in bare fields, with PM1.0 ranging from 2.8 to 7.2 ?g/m³, PM2.5 from 7.2 to 49.1 ?g/m³, and PM10 from 29.3 to 158.7 ?g/m³. In contrast, grass fields showed lower PM levels with PM1.0 ranging from 1.1 to 4.1 ?g/m³, PM2.5 from 3.1 to 24.1 ?g/m³, and PM10 from 10.8 to 74.8 ?g/m³, suggesting that grass acts as a natural barrier to the escape of PM. Correlation analysis indicated strong interrelationships among PM fractions but weak correlations with atmospheric variables such as wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity. PM concentration of the selected bare fields namely, FB5 and FB7 exceeded the World Health Organisation (WHO) air quality guidelines of 25 ?g/m³ for PM2.5 and 50 ?g/m³ for PM10 for the period under study, which are capable of aggravating serious health problems such as asthmatic attack, chronic bronchitis, ischemia, heart diseases, and other respiratory issues. Hence, the need for grass cover implementation and routine PM monitoring, especially during sporting activities.

keywords:

Particulate Matter (PM), Concentration Levels, Atmospheric Parameters

---

References:

Abulude, F. O., Damodharan, U., Acha, S., Adamu, A., & Arifalo, K. M. (2021). Preliminary
assessment of air pollution quality levels of Lagos, Nigeria. Aerosol Science and
Engineering, 5(3), 275-284.
AlBarak, A.M., Stephens, G.M, Hewson, R., & Memish, Z.A. (2012). Recovery from severe
novel coronavirus infection. Saudi Med Journal, 33(12), 1265-1269.
Azeez, N. (2002) Estimation of air pollutants from oil processing using photochemical models
(unpublished master thesis). University of Port Harcourt.
Cheng, Y., Zheng, G., Wei, C., Mu, Q., Wang, Z., & Gao, W. (2008). The influence of relative
humidity on aerosol composition and evolution processes during wintertime in Beijing.
Atmospheric Environment, 42(25), 6324-6339.
Cifuentes, L., Borja-Aburto, V.H., Gouvenia, N., Thurston, G., & Davis, D. L.(2001).
Assessing the health benefits of urban air pollution reductions associated with climate
change mitigation (2000-2020): Santiago, São Paulo, Mexico City, and New York City.
Environmental Health
Perspective, 109,
419-425.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3434790.
Davis, M.I., Cornwell, A.D. (1998). Introduction to environmental engineering (3rd Edition).
McGraw – Hill.
Ede, P.N. (2007). Advanced meteorology: Lecture note on air pollution. Institute of
Geosciences and space technology, Rivers State University.
Edokpa, D. A. (2018). Variability in the long-term trends of rainfall and temperature over
southern Nigeria. Journal of Geography, Meteorology and Environment, 3(1), 15-41.
Enotoriuwa, R. U., Nwachukwu, E.O., & Ugbebor, J. N. (2016). Assessment of particulate
matter concentration among land use types in Obigbo and environs in Rivers State
Nigeria. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 252-261.
Giri, D. K., Marthy, V., Adhikari, P. R., & Khanal, S.N. (2006). Ambient air quality of
Kathmandu valley as reflected by atmospheric particulate matter concentrations
(PM10). J Environ. Sci. Tech, 3(4), 403-410.
Gautam, S., Sharma, A., & Ghosh, C. (2020). Influence of seasonal variability and relative
humidity on PM2.5 concentration in a tropical urban environment. Environmental
Pollution, 266, 115369.
Hamad, S.H., Schauer, J.J., Heo, J., & Kadhim, A. K. H. (2015). Source apportionment of
PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols in Baghdad Iraq. Atmos. Res., 156(2015), 80-90.
Hopke, P.K. (2009). Contemporary threats and air pollution. Atmospheric Environment, 43,
87-93.
Kakavas, S., & Pandis, S. N. (2021). Effects of urban dust emissions on fine and coarse PM
levels and composition. Atmospheric Environment, 246, 118006.
Kakooei, H., & Kakooei, A.A. (2007). Measurement of PM10, PM2.5, and TSP particle
concentrations in Tehran. Iran. J. Appl. Sci., 7(2007), 3081-3085.
Koren, H. & Bisesi, M. (2003). Air quality management in handbook of environmental health
pollutant interactions in air, water and soil (4th). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Li, J., Zhu, Y., Kelly, K. E., & Croft, V. L. (2016). Synergistic effect of relative humidity and
temperature on particulate matter formation and its potential health impacts.
Environmental Science & Technology, 50(10), 5434-5441.
Maduka, O., & Tobin-West, C. (2017). Is living in a gas-flaring host community associated
with being hypertensive? Evidence from the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. BMJ Glob.
Health, 2(11), 1-8.
Munster, V.J., Koopmans, M., Van Doremalen, N., Van Riel, D., & Wit de, E. (2020). A novel
coronavirus emerging by China-key questions for impact assessment. N. Engl. J. Med.,
382(20), 692-694.
National Centre for Environmental health. (2016 October, 26).Outdoor Air.https://ephiracking.
cdc.gov/show aircontamitants action#pm.
Ngele, S.O., & Onwu, F.K. (2014). Assessment of ambient air particulate matter level in Orlu
Urban. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 6(10), 871-875.
Ngene, B.U., Agunwanba, J.C., Tenebe, J.T., & Emenike, P.C. (2015). Evaluation of spatial
and temporal characteristics of wind and wind resources: A case study of some Nigerian
cities. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 10, 40153-40158.
Oyem, A. A., & Igbafe, A. I. (2010). Analysis of the atmospheric aerosol loading over Nigeria.
University press.
Pope III, C. A., & Dockery, D. W. (2006). Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: lines
that connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56(6), 709-742.
Querol, X., Pey, J., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Cusack, M., Pérez, N., & Kleanthous, S. (2009).
African dust contributes to mean ambient PM10 mass-levels across the Mediterranean
Basin. Atmospheric Environment, 43(28), 4266-4277.
Revich, B., & Shaposhnikov, D. (2010). The effects of particulate and ozone pollution on
mortality in Moscow, Russia. Air Qual. Atmos. Heal., 3(2), 117-123.
Robert, J. J., Chiemeka, I. U., & Chineke, T. C.(2023). Health impact assessments of particulate
matter pollution from construction sites in Port Harcourt and Owerri Metropolises,
Nigeria. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 16(5), 873-879
Seiyaboh, E. I., Angaye, T. C., & Ogidi, O. I. (2019). Environmental and health risk assessment
of particulate matter associated with dusty football fields. Journal of Experimental and
Clinical Toxicology, 1(2), 1-6.
Seinfeld, H. J., & Pandis, N. S. (2016). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air
Pollution to Climate Change, 3rd Edition.
Shindell, D., & Faluvegi, G. (2009). Climate response to regional radiative forcing during the
twentieth century. Nature Geoscience, 2(4), 294-300.
Song, C. Hej, W.U.L., Jin, T., Chen X., Li, R., Ren, P., Zhang, L., & Mao, H. (2017). Health
burden attributable to ambient pm 2.5 in China. Environ. Pollut., 223(2017), 575-586.
Talbi, A., Kerchich, Y., Kerbachi, R., Boughedaoui, M. (2018). Assessment of annual air
pollution levels with PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and associated heavy metals in Algiers.
Environ. Poll, 232(8), 252-263.
Thakur, M., & Pathania, D. (2020). Environmental fate of organic pollutants and effect on
human health. In Abatement of Environmental Pollutants, 245-262).
Tiwary, A., & Colls, J. (2010). Air pollution measurement, modelling and mitigation (3rd Ed.).
Routledge.
Tong, D., Geng, A. Jiang, K., Cheng, J., Zheng, Y., Hong, C., Yan, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, X,
Boy, Lei, Y., Zhang, Q., He, K. (2019). Energy and emission pathways towards pm
2.5air quality attainment in the Beijing –Tianjin-Hebei region by 2030. Sci. total
environ, 692(2019), 361-370.
Wang, J., & Ogawa, S. (2015). Effects of Meteorological Conditions on PM2.5 Concentrations
in Nagasaki, Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 12, 9089-9101. doi:10.3390/ij
erph120809089.
Weli, V.E., & Kobah, E. (2014). The air quality implications of the SPDC-Bomu manifold fire
explosion in K-Dere, Gokana local government area of Rivers State, Nigeria, Research
Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 6(1), 1-9.
WHO. (2005). Air quality guidelines global update. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/
WHO-SDE-PHE-OEH-06.02
WHO. (2015). Accelerating progress on HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis and neglected
tropical diseases: A new agenda for 2016-2030.
Wu, J., Li, G., Cao, J., Bei, N., Wang, Y., Feng, T., Huang, R., Liu, S., Zhang, Q., & Tie, X.
(2017). Contributors’ transboundary transport to summertime air quality in Beijing,
China. Atmos Chem. Phys, 17(2), 2035-2051.
Zhang, L., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Quanzmxiao, W., Wang, X., Rolling, C. A., Liu, E., Xiao, J., Zeng,
W., & Liu, T. (2019). Short term and long term effects of PM on active nasopharyngitis
in 10 communities of Guangdong, China. Science of the Total Environment, 20,
688:136-14.

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back