IIARD International Institute of Academic Research and Development

RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PURE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (RJPST )

E-ISSN 2579-0536
P-ISSN 2695-2696
VOL. 7 NO. 4 2024
DOI: 10.56201/rjpst.v7.no4.2024.pg13.28

---

Levels, Distribution and Ecological Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Selected Wastes Dumpsites in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Amolo Igwe Richard, Egede Victor Promise, Charles Kelly Emmanuel

---

Abstract

This study investigates the levels, distribution and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface soils of some selected wastes dumpsites in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are petty pollutants frequently seen in quite a lot of vicinity that threaten the populace living in close proximity to them. True representative samples of the study and control areas were collected and analyzed for PAHs using Gas Chromatography– Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS). The analyzed PAHs concentrations varies from 40.256 mg/kg for Swali, 10.63549 mg/kg for Opolo, 60.91517 mg/kg for Tombia Round About, and 19.3009 mg/kg for Igbogene wastes dumpsites respectively. Moreover, the total PAHs concentrations in a given station were seen to be higher than the Dutch guideline maximum limits of 40 mg/kg although not for an individual PAHs. The obtained results equally showed the first and second highest single concentration of PAHs composite detected at an individual site for indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) to be 22.55850 mg/kg and 8.784 mg/kg for fluoranthene at Tombia round about, this astronomic rise maybe due to its commercial nerve midpoint in Yenagoa Metropolis.

keywords:

Level, Distribution, Ecological risk, Bayelsa, Dumpsites, PAHs

---

References:

Alexandrino, K.; Sánchez, N.E.; Zalakeviciute, R.; Acuña, W.; Viteri, F. (2022). Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Araucaria heterophylla Needles in Urban Areas: Evaluation of
Sources and Road Characteristics. Plants.
Adeniyi, A.V., Nton, M.E. and Adebanjo, F.O. (2021). Geochemical Finger Printing pf Oil-
Impacted Soil and Water Samples in Some Selected Areas in the Niger Delta. RMZ –
M&G., 67(4):209-219.
Amigo, J.M.; Ratola, N.; Alves, A.(2011). Study of geographical trends of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons using pine needles. Atmos. Environ. 45, 5988–5996.
Amolo, I. R.; & Egede, V. P.; (2023). Characteristic, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in
surface soil from five wastes dumpsites in Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
International Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Processes. 9(4) 2695-1916.
A. J. White , P. T. Bradshaw , A. H. Herring , S. L. Teitelbaum , J. Beyea , S. D. Stellman , S. E.
Steck , I. Mordukhovich , S. M. Eng , L. S. Engel , K. Conway , M. Hatch , A. I. Neugut ,
R. M. Santella and M. D. Gammon , Environ. Int., 2016, 89–90 , 185 —192.
Bandowe, B.M.B., Shukurov, N., Leimer, S., Kersten, M., Steinberger, Y. and Wilck, W. (2021).
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) In Soils of an Industrial Area in Semi-Arid
Uzbekistan: Spatial Distribution, Relationship with Trace Metals and Risk Assessment.
Environ Geochem Health, 43:4847-4861.
Blasco, M.; Domeño, C.; López, P.; Nerín, C.(2022). Behaviour of different lichen species as
biomonitors of air pollution by PAHs in natural ecosystems. J. Environ. Monit. 13, 2588–
Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME, 2010). Canadian Soil Quality
Guidelines
for
Carcinogenic
and
other
Polycyclic
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
(Environmental and Human Health Effects). Scientific Criteria Document (revised) PN
1445, Quebec, Canada. www.ccme.ca Accessed January 2020.
Dugay, A.; Herrenknecht, C.; Czok, M.; Guyon, F.; Pages, N. (2002). New procedure for selective
extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plants for gas chromatographic-mass
spectrometric analysis. J. Chromatogr. 958, 1–7.
Dybing, E.; Schwarze, P.E.; Nafstad, P.; Victorin, K.; Penning, T.M. (2013). Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in ambient air and cancer. Air Pollution Cancer, 161, 75.
Edori, O. S., & Iyama, W. A. (2019). Source Identification of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in water at point of effluent discharge into the New Calabar River, Port Harcourt, Rivers
State, Nigeria. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 9(6), 343-349.
Ekanem, A.N., Osabor, V.N. and Ekpo, B.O. (2019). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Contamination of Soils and Water around Automobile Repair Workshops in Eket
Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Journal of Springer NatureApplied Sciences,
1:447.
Ekpete, O. A., Edori, O. S., & Iyama, W. A. (2019). Concentrations of polycyclic
Aromatichydrocarbons from selected dumpsites within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers
State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal Environmental Science Natural
Research, 21(4), 556066. DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2019.21.55606606.
Emoyan, O.O., Agbaire, P.O., Otobrise, C., and Akporhonor, E.E. (2011). Distribution pattern of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils in the vicinity of Fuel Stations in
Abraka, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 15(3):513-
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Compendium Methods for the Determination of Toxic
Organic Compounds in Ambient Air: Compendium Method TO-11A. Available online:
https://www3.epa.gov/ttnamti1/files/ambient/airtox/to-11ar.pdf (accessed on 4 February
2023).
Fellet, G.; Poš?i?, F.; Licen, S.; Marchiol, L.; Musetti, R.; Tolloi, A.; Barbieri, P.; Zerbi, G. (2016).
PAHs accumulation on leaves of six evergreen urban shrubs: A field experiment. Atmos.
Pollut. Res. 7, 915–924.
Fernández, R.; Galarraga, F.; Benzo, Z.; Márquez, G.; Fernández, A.J.; Requiz, M.G.; Hernández,
J. (2014). Lichens as biomonitors for the determination of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Caracas Valley, Venezuela. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 91, 230–
Guo, J., Zhang, L., Haiqing, L., Zhi, T. Xiaoli, Z. and Fengchang, Wu. (2011). Sedimentary
Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China. Journal of
Environmental Sciences, 23(8):1308-1315.
G. Agapkina , P. Chikov , A. Shelepchikov , E. Brodskiy , D. Feshin , N. Bukhanko and S.
Balashova,(2007). Moscow University, Soil Science, Bulleting, 62 , 149 —158.
IARC-International Agency for Research on Cancer. Outdoor Air Pollution/IARC Working Group
on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. IARC-International Agency for
Research
on
Cancer:
Lyon,
France,
Available
online:https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/4317/b1f528f1fca20965
a2b48a220f47447c1d94e6d1.pdf (accessed on 30 September 2019).
Krauss, M.; Wilcke, W.; Martius, C.; Bandeira, A.G.; Garcia, M.V.; Amelung, W. (2005).
Atmospheric versus biological sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a
tropical rain forest environment. Environ. Pollut. 135, 143–154.
Landis, M.S.; Studabaker, W.B.; Pancras, J.P.; Graney, J.R.; Puckett, K.; White, E.M.; Edgerton,
E.S. (2019). Source apportionment of an epiphytic lichen biomonitor to elucidate the
sources and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Athabasca Oil
Sands Region, Alberta, Canada. Sci. Total Environ. 654, 1241–1257.
Lee, Y.-N.; Lee, S.; Kim, J.-S.; Patra, J.K.; Shin, H.-S. (2019). Chemical analysis techniques and
investigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fruit, vegetables and meats and their
products. Food Chem. 277, 156–161.
Li, Y.T., Li, F.B., Chen, J.J., Yang, G.Y., Wan, H.F. and Zhang, T.B. (2008). The Concentrations,
Distribution and Sources of PAHs in Agricultural Soils and Vegetables from Shunde,
Guangdong, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 139:1-76.
Liu, S., Xia, X., Yang, L., Shen, M., and Liu, R. (2010). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Urban Soils of Different Land Uses in Beijing, China: Distribution, Sources and their
Correlation with the City’s Urbanization History. Journal of Hazardous Materials,
177:1085-1092.
Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management (MIWM, 2017). Environmental quality
objectives in the Netherlands: A Review of Environmental Quality Objectives and their
Policy Framework in the Netherlands. Risk Assessment and Environmental Quality
Division. Directorate for Chemicals, External Safety and Radiation Protection, pp 276-
Nascimbene, J.; Tretiach, M.; Corana, F.; Schiavo, F.L.; Kodnik, D.; Dainese, M.; Mannucci, B.
(2014). Patterns of traffic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in mountain areas
can be revealed by lichen biomonitoring: A case study in the Dolomites (Eastern Italian
Alps). Sci. Total Environ. 475, 90–96.
Navarro, P.; Cortazar, E.; Bartolomé, L.; Deusto, M.; Raposo, J.; Zuloaga, O.; Arana, G.;
Etxebarria, N. (2006). Comparison of solid phase extraction, saponification and gel
permeation chromatography for the clean-up of microwave-assisted biological extracts in
the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Chromatogr. 1128, 10–16.
Navarro-Ortega, A.; Ratola, N.; Hildebrandt, A.; Alves, A.; Lacorte, S.; Barceló, D. (2012).
Environmental distribution of PAHs in pine needles, soils, and sediments. Environ. Sci.
Pollut. Res.19, 677–688.
Nisbet, I.C.T. and LaGoy, P.K. (1992). Toxic Equivalency Factors (TEFs) for Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Journal of Regulatory, Toxicology and Pharmacology, 16:290-
Nuerla A., Naifu Z., Xiaolong Z., Anwar M., Jiali C., Shuangyu C., Zhenyu H., Nanxin Li (2022).
Levels, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs residues in soil and plants in urban parks of
Northwest China. Sc

DOWNLOAD PDF

---

Back