References
Ahmad, T., Bhatti, M., Urooj, K., & Javed, H. (2022). Urban population growth, per capita energy use, and co2 emissions: Evidence from the world's fifth-most populous country. https://doi.org/10.52131/jee.2022.0302.0029 Akinlo, A. E. (2009). The impacts of anthropogenic factors on the environment in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(3), 1422–1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.08.009 Ali, H. S., Nathaniel, S. P., Uzuner, G., Bekun, F. V., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Trivariate modelling of the nexus between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic growth in Nigeria: Fresh insights from Maki cointegration and causality tests. Heliyon, 6(2), e03400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03400 Aninwagu, V. O., & Nyeche, E. (2025). Impact of renewable energy consumption, forest area, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Nigeria. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5358945 Aninwagu, V. O., Momodu, A. A., & Momodu, M. (2026). Determinants of economic growth in Nigeria. journal of economics and allied research, 11(1), 588–601. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19520052 Aninwagu, V. O., Onyema, J. I., Momodu, A. A., & Amadi, C. R. (2024). Gender inequality and socioeconomic development: An analysis of the effect on poverty in Nigeria. International Journal of Economic Research and Development Studies , 1(1). https://ssrn.com/abstract=5358929 Aninwagu, V. O., & Momodu, A. A. (2025). Healthcare resources and employment structure on female labor force participation in Nigeria. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 6(6), 11406-11415. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.6.0625.2357 Chew, J. M., Yap, C. K., Kumar, K. K., Cheng, W. H., Syazwan, W. M., Nulit, R., Azrizal Wahid, N., Mustafa, M., Okamura, H., Horie, Y., Yap, C. W., Aguol, K. A., & Ong, M. C. (2024). Exploring the relationship between GDP, carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, population, and renewable energy production using Canada as a model country. https://doi.org/10.37256/epr.4220244730 Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175 Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth. Science, 171(3977), 1212 1217. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1212. Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J., & Stock, J. H. (1996). Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit Root. Econometrica, 64(4), 813–836 Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353–377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443 Jebli, B. M., & Chaouali, I. (2025). The influence of renewable energy integration and service value‐added on carbon dioxide emissions in China. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 44. Momodu, A. A., Isukul, A., & Aninwagu, V. O. (2023). Government spending, trend causes and consequences in Nigeria. https://www.economicdeskjournals.net/paper/government- spending-trend-causes- and-consequences-in-nigeria Ngong, C. A., Bih, D., Onyejiaku, C., & Onwumere, J. (2022). Urbanization and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission nexus in the CEMAC countries. https://doi.org/10.1108/meq- 04-2021-0070 JBAE Nwikina, C. G., Amadi, C. R., & Nwankwor, N. U. (2024). Population and economic development: evidence from Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13891225 Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. International Labour Office. Pesaran, M. H., & Pesaran, B. (1997). Microfit econometric software manual. Oxford University Press. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approach. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616 Rafindadi, A. A. (2016). Does the need for economic growth influence energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Nigeria? Evidence from the innovation accounting test. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 1209–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.028 Rehman, A., Ma, H., Ahmad, M., Irfan, M., Traoré, O. Z., & Chandio, A. A. (2021). Towards environmental Sustainability: Devolving the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, climate change, Forestry, livestock and crops production in Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2021.107460 Sane, M., Hájek, M., Phiri, J., Babangida, J. S., & Nwaogu, C. (2022). Application of decoupling approach to evaluate electricity consumption, agriculture, GDP, crude oil production, and CO2 emission nexus in support of economic instrument in Nigeria. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063226 Shaheen, W., Kazim, M., Shafi, N., & Perveen, N. (2025). Impact of population growth on CO2 emissions in export-driven global transport: A 30-country analysis (2011-2020). https://doi.org/10.61363/xn4kvy73 Shaheen, W., Kazim, M., Shafi, N., & Perveen, N. (2025). Impact of population growth on CO2 emissions in export-driven global transport: A 30-country analysis (2011-2020). https://doi.org/10.61363/xn4kvy73 United Nations Development Programme . (2025a). Human Development Report 2025: A matter of choice—People and possibilities in the age of AI. New York: UNDP. United Nations Development Programme . (2025b). Human Development Report 2025: Human Development Index trends, 1990–2023. New York: UNDP. Wang, W., Liu, L., Liao, H., & Wei, Y. (2021). Impacts of urbanization on carbon emissions: An empirical analysis from OECD countries. Energy Policy, 151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112171 World Bank. (2026a). Population, total—Nigeria. World Development Indicators. World Bank. (2026b). Urban population (% of total population)—Nigeria. World Development Indicators. World Bank. (2026c). GDP per capita growth (annual %)—Nigeria. World Development Indicators. York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological Economics, 46(3), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00188-5 Yusuf, F. A., & Afroz, R. (2020). The relationship between urbanization, CO2 emissions, economic growth and energy consumption in Nigeria. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 10(6), 491–501. Zheng, S., Wang, R., Mak, T., Hsu, S., & Tsang, D. C. W. (2020). How energy service companies moderate the impact of industrialization and urbanization on carbon emissions in China? https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141610
