References
Aldis, W. (2008). A critical analysis of the concept of health security as a public health approach. Health Policy and Planning, 23(6), 369-375. Aroh, K. N., Ubong, I. U., Eze, C. L., Harry, I. M., Umo-Otong, J. C., & Gobo, A. E. (2010). The effect of oil spill incidents and pipeline vandalisation on public health and the counteraction to achieving the Millennium Development Goal in Nigeria. Prevention and Management of Disasters, 19(1), 70-87. Bebbington, A., & Bury, J. (2009). Institutional problems of mining and sustainability in Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(41), 17296-17301. Boele, R., Fabig, H., & Wheeler, D. (2001). Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni: A study in unsustainable development, I. The story of Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni people - environment, economy, relationships: conflict and prospects for resolution. Sustainable Development, 9(2), 74-86. Brisibe, S., & Ordinioha, B. (2013). The crude oil exploration in the Niger Delta and its environmental and health impacts in Nigeria. Nigerian Health Journal, 13(2), 73-81. Bullard, R. D. (1990). Race, class, and environmental quality: Dumping in Dixie. Westview Press. BusinessDay. (2025). As expert outlines roadmap to peace in Niger Delta, eyes are fixed on Ogoni oil, and issues of clean-up. BusinessDay. Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Principles of epidemiology in public health practice (3rd ed.). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Commission on Social Determinants of Health. (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health. World Health Organization. Eckersley, R. (2004). Rethinking democracy and sovereignty in the green state. MIT Press. Egbom, S., Nduka, F. O., Nzeako, S. O., Ikechukwu, C. C., Nwachukwu, J. I., Ezenwaka, C. O., Ihejirika, C. O., Opara, M. C., Anyanwu, E. O., Agoh, B. O., Okorondu, J. N., & Egwuogu, G. C. (2023). Spatial distribution and land cover pattern of malaria in Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria. Malaysian Journal of Science, 42(3), 12-24. Ejeomo, C., & Inengite, Z. K. (2025). Soil profiling of hydrocarbon impacted soils from some selected communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Basics and Applied Sciences Research, 3(5), 223-229. Fentiman, A., & Zabbey, N. (2015). Environmental degradation and cultural erosion in Ogoniland: A case study of the oil spills in Bodo. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(4), 615-624. Foster, J. B. (2002). Ecology against capitalism. Monthly Review Press. Happy, O. V., Ogwugwa, J., Kunlere, I. O., Ifeoma, N. B., Israel, F. O., & Ezekiel, F. O. (2018). Heavy metals, risk index and environmental effects: A case study of Ogoniland, Niger Delta region of Nigeria. International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 8(3), 172-182. Hydrocarbon Pollution Remediation Project [HYPREP]. (2024). Update on implementation of the Ogoni clean-up programme. HYPREP. Igwe, U. (2025). Niger Delta communities that are facing pollution challenges: Shell has questions to answer. Premium Times. International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2018). Benzene. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Iwegbue, C. M. A. (2011). Crude oil contamination of soils: Assessment of speciation of heavy metals in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability, 23(1), 7-15. Kponee, K. Z., Chiger, A., Kakulu, I. I., Vorhees, D., & Heiger-Bernays, W. (2015). A cross- sectional pilot study of the relationship between petroleum-contaminated water and health symptoms in a rural community in Nigeria. Environmental Health, 14, 86. Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J., & Behrens, W. W. (1972). The limits to growth. Universe Books. Naku, D. (2026). WHO investigates hydrocarbon exposure in Ogoniland, tests 4,000. The Punch. National Research Council. (2009). Science and decisions: Improving risk assessment. National Academies Press. Nkem, A. C., Devine, S., Ogaji, D. S., & Topp, S. M. (2024). Economic exclusion and health and wellbeing consequence of the oil industry in Niger Delta region: A qualitative study of experiences in Ogoni. International Journal for Equity in Health, 23, 183. Nriagu, J., Udofia, E. A., Ekong, I., & Ebuk, G. (2016). The health hazards posed by the oil spill in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(3), 346. Nwankpa, N. N., Kuru, L. C., & Onwuka, N. A. (2025). Beyond rhetoric: Professed clean-up of Ogoniland by media and Nigerian government. Media, Culture & Society. Advance online publication. Ordinioha, B., & Brisibe, S. (2013). Crude oil spills in the Niger Delta, Nigeria and the human health implications: An interpretation of published studies. Nigerian Medical Journal, 54(1), 10-16. Peters, D. E., Eze, M. O., Asonye, C. C., & Nwachukwu, E. O. (2018). Assessment of the potential human health risk from the consumption of root tubers grown on Ogoniland, Rivers State, Nigeria due to the presence of heavy metals. Biological Trace Element Research, 186(2), 568-578. Rushton, S., & Youde, J. (Eds.). (2015). Routledge handbook of global health security. Routledge. Sam, K., Zabbey, N., & Onyena, A. P. (2022). Lessons learned from the Ogoni remediation project on the implementation of contaminated land remediation in Nigeria. Land Use Policy, 115, 106051. Schlosberg, D. (2007). Environmental justice: Theories, movements and nature. Oxford University Press. Simon, S., & My, L. (2025). Oil extraction causes environmental injustice in Ogoniland: The toxic effects of oil extraction. University of Washington Gardell Lab. United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP]. (2011). Environmental assessment of Ogoniland. UNEP. United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP]. (2023). Progress report on environmental restoration of Ogoniland. UNEP. United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. (2012). A citizen's guide to remedial action. USEPA. Watts, M. (2004). Resource curse? Governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Geopolitics, 9(1), 50-80. World Health Organization. (2007). The world health report 2007: A safer future - global public health security in the 21st century. WHO. World Health Organization. (2021). WHO global air quality guidelines: Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide. WHO. Zabbey, N., Sam, K., & Onyebuchi, A. T. (2017). Environmental restoration and sustainable agricultural development in Niger Delta. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(12), 1-15.
