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The Shift Supervisor as an Active Human Barrier: A Conceptual Treatment of Human Barriers as Critical Integrity Controls in Process Bowtie Models for Loss of Primary Containment

Oghenekaro Ekelemu, Oluwaseyi Ayotunde Akano, Friday Emmanuel Adikwu, Chibuzor Amarahobu

Abstract

Bowtie representations of major accident scenarios are now standard practice in the hydrocarbon processing sector, and the treatment of human contributions within them has become the methodology’s most persistent difficulty. Practitioners routinely place training, competence, supervision and safety culture on the main threat line as barriers, and the authoritative guidance is explicit that they do not belong there. This paper takes the guidance seriously and asks a narrower question: under what conditions, if any, does the action of a shift supervisor constitute an active barrier against loss of primary containment in the sense the guidance requires, namely effective, independent and auditable, with functioning detect, decide and act elements. The paper argues that the answer is affirmative for a restricted class of scenarios and negative for the majority, and that distinguishing the two is both possible and consequential. It develops criteria for the distinction, decomposes the supervisory contribution into its detect, decide and act elements, and identifies the degradation factors that act on each. Independence emerges as the criterion that most often fails, since the supervisor is frequently implicated in the initiating condition through the same task allocation and authorisation decisions that produced it. The paper proposes performance standards under which a supervisory barrier could be specified and audited, addresses the consequences for risk assessment of crediting such barriers where they do not qualify, and identifies the scenarios in liquefaction operation where the supervisory barrier is most and least defensible. The treatment is conceptual and the criteria are offered for testing against operating bowties rather than as settled findings.

Keywords

bowtie analysis; barrier management; human barriers; loss of primary containment; shift supervision; safety critical elements; process safety; degradation factors; performance standards IJSSMR

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