Sustainability-Linked Contracting and Incentive Alignment in Integrated Project Delivery: A Conceptual Framework
Abstract
Sustainability targets in construction projects frequently fail to translate into delivered outcomes, and a central reason is the misalignment of incentives among the parties responsible for delivery. Conventional contracting allocates risk and reward in ways that reward cost and schedule performance while leaving sustainability as an unfunded aspiration, so that when objectives conflict the commercial logic favours the priced outcome over the sustainable one. Integrated project delivery, with its relational orientation and shared risk and reward structures, offers a more promising foundation, yet its incentive mechanisms are seldom tied explicitly to sustainability performance. This paper develops a conceptual framework for sustainability-linked incentive alignment within integrated project delivery. Drawing on agency theory, transaction cost economics, and relational contracting, the framework specifies how shared sustainability targets, robust measurement and verification, a risk and reward pool linked to sustainability performance, governance of the incentive system, and relational safeguards can be combined to align the commercial interests of project parties with sustainability outcomes. The framework theorises the conditions under which incentive linkage strengthens rather than distorts behaviour, and advances propositions connecting sustainability-linked incentives to delivered performance. The contribution reframes the delivery of sustainable construction as a problem of incentive design within collaborative delivery models, and offers project sponsors and their partners a structured basis for making sustainability commercially consequential. Implications for theory, practice, and policy are discussed alongside an agenda for empirical research.
Keywords
integrated project delivery; incentive alignment; sustainability; relational contracting; agency theory; risk and reward; construction management Highlights • A framework links integrated delivery inc
References
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Conceptual environmental safety compliance framework for construction and infrastructure projects. International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering, 8(3), 132 to 163. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCE248419 Obogo, S. F., Ozobu, C. O., & Uduokhai, D. O. (2019a). Advances in leadership driven safety culture transformation in large construction workforces. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 3(5), 507 to 523. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV3I5-1715497 Obogo, S. F., Ozobu, C. O., & Uduokhai, D. O. (2019b). Development of a construction safety risk governance model for multi contractor high rise projects. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 2(9), 502 to 522. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV2I9-1715495 Obogo, S. F., Ozobu, C. O., Garba, B. M. P., & Adio, S. A. (2026). Predictive safety analytics model for early detection of high-risk construction activities. 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Review of contractor safety compliance systems in infrastructure engineering projects. International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering, 5(4), 76 to 100. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCE215412 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2018). Conceptual modeling of data-driven occupational safety risk control in large-scale energy infrastructure projects. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 1(7), 169 to 189. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV1I7-1714414 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2019). A conceptual framework linking management safety walkthrough frequency and coverage to safety culture outcomes in mega projects. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 2(8), 355 to 374. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV2I8- 1714416 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2020). Conceptual framework for human error causation in high-risk construction and industrial activities. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 1(5), 715 to 727. https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2020.1.5.715-727 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2021). Conceptual model for institutionalizing life-preserving safety practices across project-based organizations. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 2(1), 961 to 969. https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2021.2.1.961-969 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2022a). Conceptual framework explaining recurrence mechanisms of unsafe behaviors in high-hazard worksites. Shodhshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 5(3), 380 to 402. https://doi.org/10.32628/SHISRRJ225489 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2023a). Conceptual framework for proactive hazard identification using digital safety data streams. Gyanshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 6(3), 457 to 481. https://doi.org/10.32628/GISRRJ236336 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2024a). Conceptual governance framework for subcontractor safety performance management. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(6), 3020 to 3033. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.5894 Obriki, O. D., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2024b). Systematic review of incident investigation approaches and prevention-oriented learning in industrial operations. Shodhshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 7(4), 239 to 263. https://doi.org/10.32628/SHISRRJ247163 Obriki, O. D., Arumosoye, O. M., & Obogo, S. F. (2023b). Advances in continuous hazard monitoring systems for workplace safety. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(6), 2742 to 2759. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2023.3.6.6075 Obriki, O. D., Arumosoye, O. M., & Ozobu, C. O. (2025). Conceptual model linking leading safety signals to sustained injury-free project performance. International Journal of Scientific Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(3), 233 to 254. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRHSS252342 Obriki, O. D., Obogo, S. F., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2022b). Advances in workforce safety training models for operational risk reduction. Gyanshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 5(6), 349 to 382. https://doi.org/10.32628/GISRRJ225638 Obriki, O. D., Obogo, S. F., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2022c). Review of emergency preparedness and evacuation systems in high density commercial buildings. Gyanshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 5(6), 411 to 438. https://doi.org/10.32628/GISRRJ225640 Obriki, O. D., Obogo, S. F., & Arumosoye, O. M. (2023c). Review of behavioral safety programs for risk reduction in large workforces. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(6), 2760 to 2775. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2023.3.6.6076 Odejobi, O. D., Okonkwo, C. S., Ahiaeke Patrick, M. C., Okeke, O. T., & Mayo, W. (2025). AI- augmented secure software engineering: Leveraging deep learning for autonomous threat detection and mitigation. International Journal of Engineering and Modern Technology, 11(12), 101 to 121. https://doi.org/10.56201/ijemt..pg101.121 Oduleye, T. E., & Medon, J. J. (2023). A quantitative model for measuring the strategic impact of financial analysis on enterprise growth. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(1), 1663 to 1672. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2023.3.1.5334 Oghenemaiga, E., Basnet, A., & Anene, U. N. (2024). Predictive analytics applications for forecasting traffic patterns across owned and operated media platforms. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(6). https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.5668 Ogunwole, O., Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2021). Supply chain resilience framework for critical infrastructure and gas processing plants. Shodhshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 4(4), 444 to 461. https://doi.org/10.32628/SHISRRJ214462 Okojie, J. S., Filani, O. M., Ike, P. N., Okojokwu-Idu, J. O., Nnabueze, S. B., & Ihwughwavwe, S. I. (2023a). Integrating AI with ESG metrics in smart infrastructure auditing for high-impact urban development projects. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Futuristic Development, 4(1), 32 to 44. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMFD.2023.4.1.32-44 Okojie, J., Ike, P., Idu, J., Nnabueze, S. B., Filani, O., & Ihwughwavwe, S. (2023b). Predictive analytics models for monitoring smart city emissions and infrastructure risk in urban ESG planning. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Futuristic Development, 4(1), 45 to 57. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMFD.2023.4.1.45-57 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2024a). Conceptual framework for digital supply chain governance in energy and infrastructure sectors. Gyanshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 7(4), 335 to 356. https://doi.org/10.32628/GISRRJ247423 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2024b). Framework for secure and scalable supply chain systems supporting national energy reliability. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(6), 2816 to 2826. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.5494 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2024c). Model for predictive procurement planning to sustain operational uptime. International Journal of Scientific Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 909 to 928. https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRSSH242772 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2024d). Review of advances in procurement strategy, ERP adoption, and logistics performance. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(6), 2827 to 2835. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.5495 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2024e). Review of digital supply chain models for cost control and operational continuity. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(6), 2836 to 2846. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2024.4.6.5496 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2024f). Supply chain automation framework using service management platforms. Shodhshauryam, International Scientific Refereed Research Journal, 7(2), 157 to 177. https://doi.org/10.32628/SHISRRJ2472157 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Ogunwole, O., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2020). Model for demurrage elimination and port logistics efficiency in emerging economies. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 1(5), 552 to 562. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMRGE.2020.1.5.552-562 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Ogunwole, O., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2021a). Conceptual model for materials readiness and maintenance-driven supply chain performance. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 2(6), 584 to 594. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMRGE.2021.2.6.584-594 Okonkwo, C. S., Agbabiaka, J., Okeke, O. T., & Mayo, W. (2025). Framework for national-scale supply chain optimization through integrated IT and procurement systems. Gulf Journal of Advance Business Research, 3(12), 1610 to 1625. https://doi.org/10.51594/gjabr.v3i12.189 Okonkwo, C. S., Ahiaeke Patrick, M. C., Okeke, O. T., & Mayo, W. (2023a). Framework for integrating IT systems engineering with supply chain operations. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(6), 2580 to 2589. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2023.3.6.5500 Okonkwo, C. S., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2023b). Conceptual model for asset lifecycle management and inventory visibility. International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 10(1), 809 to 824. https://doi.org/10.32628/CSEIT2391568 Okonkwo, C. S., Ogunwole, O., & Okeke, O. T. (2018a). Framework for strategic procurement optimization in oil and gas operations. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 1(7), 153 to 168. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV1I7-1713119 Okonkwo, C. S., Ogunwole, O., & Okeke, O. T. (2018b). Model for inventory availability and plant uptime improvement in energy facilities. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 2(4), 160 to 172. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV2I4-1713120 Okonkwo, C. S., Ogunwole, O., Mayo, W., & Okeke, O. T. (2021b). Framework for regulatory- compliant procurement in high-risk energy environments. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 2(6), 595 to 605. https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMRGE.2021.2.6.595-605 Okonkwo, C. S., Ogunwole, O., Okeke, O. T., & Mayo, W. (2019). Conceptual framework for cost reduction through contract negotiation and vendor governance. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 2(9), 468 to 482. https://doi.org/10.64388/IREV2I9-1713121 Okoruwa, P. O., Babatope, O. M., Akokodaripon, D. A., & Akinleye, O. K. (2024). Developing integrated digital platforms for enhancing transparency in procurement and supply chain management. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 5(6), 1719 to 1729. Okoruwa, P. O., Babatope, O. M., Akokodaripon, D. A., & Akinleye, O. K. (2025). Digital procurement transformation approaches for strengthening efficiency in global supply chain management. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 6(5), 975 to 985. Olaogun, B. O., Adesuyi, M. O., Akomolafe, O., Ndukwe, V. U., & Sakyi, J. K. (2023). Regulatory compliance adaptation model for cross-border payment product redesign. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 3(1), 1651 to 1662. https://doi.org/10.62225/2583049X.2023.3.1.5279 Olaogun, B. O., Adesuyi, M. O., Akomolafe, O., Ndukwe, V. U., & Sakyi, J. K. (2025). Macroeconomic impact model for blockchain-enabled payment adoption in emerging economies. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 6(6), 835 to 853. https://doi.org/10.54660/.IJMRGE.2025.6.6.835-853 Oluwo, K., Dada, T., & Isiekwu, C. P. (2024). Transforming insurance underwriting with machine learning: A review and application cases. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 4(6), 3008 to 3019. Oyeleye, A. O., Dogbatsey, E. A., & Ebhojie, O. (2025). Embedding automated close controls in
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