References
Adebayo, T., & Musa, H. (2024). Institutional quality, public expenditure, and health outcomes in West Africa. Health Policy and Planning, 39(2), 134–147. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czae019 Adegoke, Y. O., George, G., & Mbonigaba, J. (2022). Sustainable thresholds, health outcomes, health expenditures and education nexus in selected Sub-Saharan African countries: Quadratic and moderation modelling. Globalization and Health, 18(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-022-00876-8 Adewumi, T., & Ojo, S. (2024). Threshold effects of poverty on child malnutrition in Nigeria: An analysis of interplay with inflation. West African Journal of Public Health and Nutrition, 11(1), 23–47. Adjei, K., & Boateng, S. (2023). Economic growth, income distribution, and health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 167, 106190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106190 African Development Bank. (2023). West Africa economic outlook 2023: Mobilizing private sector financing for climate and green growth. Abidjan: AfDB. Asiedu, K., Tetteh, R., & Osei, P. (2023). Income growth and health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Development Studies, 35(2), 112–129. Baltagi, B. H., Kao, C., & Wang, F. (2022). Econometric analysis of panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 228(2), 1–12. Bello, H. A., & Diarra, M. K. (2024). Poverty, inflation, and child nutrition in Sahelian West Africa: A multilevel analysis. Journal of African Development Studies, 19(1), 87–109. Bello, T., Adigun, O., & Oluwatosin, M. (2024). Towards context-specific poverty metrics in Africa. Development and Change, 55(2), 305–327. Boateng, E., & Mensah, K. (2023). Inflation and healthcare access in Ghana’s urban slums: Evidence from household panels and provider interviews. Ghana Health Economics Research Quarterly, 7(2), 55–72. Bolarinwa, M., & Akinola, T. (2024). Poverty, inequality, and health disparities in Africa. African Economic Review, 19(1), 44–61. Danlami, A. H., Uthman, M. K., & Bello, A. A. (2023). Inflation-poverty causal nexus in Sub- Saharan African countries: An asymmetric analysis. International Journal of Development and Policy, 15(2), 93–109. Danlami, S., Mohammed, A., & Adebayo, R. (2023). Conditional cash transfers and household poverty in northern Nigeria. African Economic Review, 18(1), 67–83 Diop, M., & Ndiaye, A. (2025). Poverty-linked nutrition deficits and child health under inflationary pressure in Senegal. African Journal of Nutrition and Child Health, 10(2), 133–160. Erorogba, O.V. (2023). The impact of poverty on health outcomes in nigeria. Yobe journal of economics, 8(1):176-190 Eze, C., & Iheonu, C. O. (2025). Poverty, gender inequality and inclusive development in West Africa. African Journal of Economic Policy, 32(1), 110–127. Eze, V., & Owusu, J. (2024). Inflation and health affordability in African economies. Health Economics and Policy Review, 12(3), 78–95. Fagbamigbe, A. F., & Kandala, N. B. (2021). Health inequality in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross- sectional analysis of the role of socio-economic status in health outcomes. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10280-z Greene, W. H. (2023). Econometric analysis (9th ed.). Pearson. Grossman, M. (1972). On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health. Journal of Political Economy, 80(2), 223–255 Kargbo, F. (2025). Inflationary shocks and mortality outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied Economics Letters, 32(5), 410–422 Mensah, D. (2024). Welfare transitions and longevity in Africa: The role of income growth. Journal of African Development Studies, 36(1), 42–60. Mensah, D., & Boateng, K. (2022). Literacy, education, and preventive health in West Africa. International Journal of Public Health, 67(4), 233–248. Mensah, K., & Boateng, S. (2023). Inflation, income inequality, and healthcare access in Ghana: A critical analysis. Health Economics Review, 13(1), 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561- 023-00396-1 N’Guessan, M. K. (2024). Health expenditure, governance quality and health outcomes in West African countries. WCEA Webinar Proceedings. https://wcea.education Ndzignat, M., & Ngepah, N. (2025). Exploring health outcome disparities in African regional economic communities: A multilevel mixed-effect analysis. BMC Public Health, 25, 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-21306-5 Nguyen, T., & Phiri, A. (2022). Inflation dynamics and health inequality in emerging economies. Health Economics Review, 12(1), 44–59. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-022-00459-2 Novignon, J., & Lawanson, A. O. (2023). Health expenditure and outcomes in West Africa: Evidence from FGLS models. International Journal of Business and Management Economic Research, 14(1), 102–118. Nwachukwu, E. (2022). Education and health: A pathway to improved life expectancy in developing economies. Journal of Public Health Research, 11(4), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2022.3054 Okonkwo, J., & Ibrahim, A. (2023). Macroeconomic instability, poverty, and maternal health in Nigeria: A regional analysis. African Journal of Reproductive Health Economics, 11(4), 201–223. Okonkwo, J., & Mensah, K. (2025). Public health expenditure efficiency and life expectancy in Africa: Evidence from panel data analysis. African Journal of Economic Policy, 32(2), 122–141. Osei, K., & Boateng, P. (2023). Income growth and health improvements in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development Perspectives, 31, 100481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100481 Osei, R., & Koomson, I. (2025). Literacy, structural inequality, and health outcomes in Africa. African Population Studies, 39(1), 55–71. Osei-Assibey, E. (2021). Informality and poverty traps in West African economies. Ghana Economic Review, 8(3), 153–171. Osei-Assibey, E., & Agyemang, B. (2022). Inflation, poverty, and healthcare demand in West Africa. West African Journal of Development Economics, 9(3), 33–48. Owusu, J., & Tetteh, M. (2023). Inflation, fiscal space, and public health financing in Africa. Economic Modelling, 122, 106234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106234 UNDP. (2023). Human Development Report 2023: Breaking the Cycle of Poverty and Insecurity. New York: United Nations Development Programme. UNICEF. (2023). Inflation and Child Wellbeing in West Africa. UNICEF Regional Office for West and Central Africa. https://www.unicef.org/wca/reports/inflation-child-wellbeing- west-africa UNICEF. (2024). Nutrition in West and Central Africa. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/wca/reports/nutrition Wooldridge, J. M. (2022). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. World Bank. (2023). Global Economic Prospects: Inflation and inequality. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic-prospects World Health Organization. (2023). World Health Statistics 2023: Monitoring health for the SDGs. Geneva: WHO Press.
