Exposure to Violence, Trauma Resilience and Mental Disorders Among People Associated with Banditry Activities in Ukum Local Government Area of Benue State

Afek, A., Ben-Avraham, R., Davidov, A., Cohen, B. N., Yehuda, A. B., Gilboa, Y., & Nahum, M. (2021). Psychological Resilience, Mental Health, and Inhibitory Control Among Youth and Young Adults Under Stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 588-608. Dhungana, S., Koirala, R., Ojha, S. P., & Thapa, S.B. (2022). Resilience and its association with post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression symptoms in the aftermath of trauma: A cross-sectional study from Nepal. SSM Mental Health, 2, 100-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100135. Fowler, K.A., Dahlberg, L.L., Haileyesus, T., Gutierrez, C, & Bacon, S. (2017). Childhood Firearm Injuries in the United States. Pediatrics, 140(1). 10-20. Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Huang, S. H. & Bonanno, G. A. (2018). Trajectories of resilience and dysfunction following potential trauma: A review and statistical evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 63, 41–55. Gambaro, E., Mastrangelo, M., Sarchiapone, M., Marangon, D., Gramaglia, C., Vecchi, C., Airoldi, C., Mirisola, C., Costanzo, G., Bartollino, S., Baralla, F., & Zeppegno, P. (2020). Resilience, trauma, and hopelessness: protective or triggering factor for the development of psychopathology among migrants? BMC Psychiatry, 20(358), 1-15. Goodrum, N. M., Smith, D. W., Hanson, R. F., Moreland, A. D., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2020). Longitudinal Relations among Adolescent Risk Behavior, Family Cohesion, Violence Exposure, and Mental Health in a National Sample. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48(11), 1455–1469. Kolbasi, N., Soyler, H. & Gok, D. (2023) Impact of Violence Exposure on Resilience, Emotional Regulation, and Life Satisfaction in Women. Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 15(1), 236-251. Lai, D. L., Qu, X., Lee, V. P., Yan, E. W., Li, J. J., Liu, E. H., & Yu, W. (2023). Exposure to Violence in Social Unrest, Resilience, and Mental Health of Older People in Hong Kong. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 31(12), 1091-1099. Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P.F. (1996). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.) Sydney, Australia: Psychology Foundation of Australia. Mesa-Vieira, C., Haas, A. D., & Buitrago-Garcia, D. (2022). Mental health of migrants with pre- migration exposure to armed conflict: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 7(5), 469-481. Miliauskas, C. R., Faus, D.F., Lima da Cruz, V., Vallaperde, J. G., Junger, W., & Lopes, C. S. (2022). Community violence and internalizing mental health symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 22(253), 1-23. Morina, N., Stam, K., Pollet, T. V., & Priebe, S. (2018). Prevalence of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in adult civilian survivors of war who stay in war-afflicted regions. A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 239, 328-338. Singer, M.I., Flannery, D.J., Van Dulmen, M., Kretschmar, J. & Belliston, L. (1998). Exposure to violence, mental health and violent behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194-200. Wagner, G., Glick, P., Khammash, U., Shaheen, M., Brown, R., Goutam., P., Karam, R., Linnemayr, S., & Massad, S. (2020). Exposure to violence and its relationship to mental health among young people in Palestine Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 26(2), 189-197. Wamser-Nanney, R., Nanney, J. T., Conrad, E., & Constans, J. I. (2019). Childhood trauma exposure and gun violence risk factors among victims of gun violence. Psychological Trauma, 11(1), 99-106.