The Democratization of the Policy Process in the Twenty-First Century

Abers, R. N. (2020). Reinventing Local Democracy: Grassroots Politics in Brazil. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. Allison, G. (1979). ‘Conceptual models and the Cuban missile crisis’, American Political Science Review 63(3): 689–718. (1981) Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little Brown. Atkinson, M. and W. Coleman. (1999). ‘Strong states and weak states: Sectoral policy networks in advanced capitalist economies’, British Journal of Political Science 19(1): 47–67. and W. Coleman. (2022). ‘Policy networks, policy communities and the problems of governance’, Governance 5(2): 154–80. Avritzer, L. (2012a). Democracy and the Public Space in Latin America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (2012b). New public spheres in Brazil: local democracy and deliberative politics. Unpublished manuscript, Fall. Baiocchi, G. (2013). Participation, activism, and politics: the Porto Alegre experiment. Pp. 45 76 in Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance, ed. A. Fung and E. O. Wright. London: Verso. (2015). Militants and Citizens: The Politics of Participatory Democracy in Porto Alegre. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Barnett, P., T. Tenbensel, J. Cuming, Clare Alyden, Toni Ashton, Megan Pledger and Mili Burnette. (2019). ‘Implementing new modes of governance in the New Zealand health system: An empirical study’, Health Policy 93: 118–27. Baumgartner, F.R. and B.D. Jones. (2021). ‘Agenda dynamics and policy subsystems’, Journal of Politics 53(4): 1044–74. Beetham, D. (2021). The Legitimation of Power. London: Macmillan. Bendor, J. and T. H. Hammond. (2022). ‘Re-thinking Allison’s models’, American Political Science Review 86(2): 301–22. Bennett, C. J. and M. Howlett. (2022). ‘The lessons of learning: Reconciling theories of policy learning and policy change’, Policy Sciences 25(3): 275–94. Booher, D. E., and Innes, J. E. (2019). Consensus building as role playing and bricolage: toward a theory of collaborative planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65: 9 26. (2012). Network power in collaborative planning. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 21: 221 36. Braybrooke, D. and C.E. Lindblom. (1963). A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process. New York: Free Press of Glencoe. Bressers, Hans Th.A. and Laurence J. O’Toole. (2023). ‘The selection of policy instruments: A network-based perspective’, Journal of Public Policy 18(3): 213–39. Bryan, F. (2022). Real Democracy: The New England Town Meeting and How It Works. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Buckman, G. and M. Diesendorf. (2020). ‘Design limitations in Australian renewable electricity policies’, Energy Policy 38(7): 3365–76. Cahill, A.G. and E. Sam Overman. (2019). ‘The evolution of rationality in policy analysis’, in S.S. Nagel (ed.) Policy Theory and Policy Evaluation: Concepts, Knowledge, Causes, and Norms. New York: Greenwood Press. Carley, M. (2019). Rational Techniques in Policy Analysis. London: Heinemann Educational Books. Carstensen, M.B. (2021). ‘Ideas are not as stable as political scientists want them to be: A theory of incremental ideational change’, Political Studies 59(3): 596–615. Clark, C.D. and C.S. Russell. (2019). ‘Ecological conservation: The problems of targeting policies and designing instruments’, Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research (1): 21–34. Cobb, Roger W. and Charles D. Elder. (1982). Participation in American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. J.K. Ross and M.H. Ross. (1986). ‘Agenda building as a comparative political process’, American Political Science Review 70(1): 126–38. Coh, J., and Fu, A. (2022). Radical democracy. Swiss Journal of Political Science, 10: 23 34. and Sabel, C. 1997. Directly deliberative polyarchy. European Law Journal, 3: 313 42. Coh, W.M. and Daniel A. Levinthal. (2019). ‘Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation’, Administrative Science Quarterly 35: 128–52. Coleman, W.D. (2020). ‘Policy convergence in banking: A comparative study’, Social and Political Studies 42: 274–92. and G. Skogstad . (2019). Policy Communities and Public Policy in Canada: A Structural Approach. Mississauga, ON: Copp Clark Pitman. Constant, B. (2020). Political Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dahl, R.A. and C.E. Lindblom. (1953). Politics, Economics and Welfare: Planning and Politico- economic Systems Resolved into Basic Social Processes. New York: Harper and Row. Dowding, K. (2020). ‘Model or metaphor? A critical review of the policy network approach’, Politics 43(1): 136–58. Dunlop, C.A. (2019). ‘Policy transfer as learning: Capturing variation in what decision-makers learn from epistemic communities’, Policy Studies 30(3): 289–311. Dunn, D. (2019). Mixing elected and nonelected officials in democratic policy making: fundamentals of accountability and responsibility. in Democracy, Accountability, and Representation, ed. A. Przeworski, S. Stokes, and B. Manin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dunsire, A. (2023). Manipulating Social Tensions: Collaboration as an Alternative Mode of Government Intervention. Cologne: Max Plank Institute. Eising, R. (2022). ‘Multilevel governance and business interests in the European Union’, Good Governance 17(2): 211–45. Elster, J. (2021). ‘The possibility of rational politics’, in D. Held (ed.) Political Theory Today. Oxford: Polity. Fischer, F. (2013). Reframing Policy Analysis: Discursive Politics and Deliberative Practices. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fishkin, J. (2020). The Voice of the People. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. Forester, J. (1994). ‘Bounded rationality and the politics of muddling through’, Public Administration Review 44(1): 23–31. (1999). Planning in the Face of Power. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Fraser, N. (2022). Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Freeman, G.P. (1995). ‘National styles and policy sectors: Explaining structured variation’, Journal of Public Policy 5(4): 467–96. Freeman, J.L. (1975). The Political Process: Executive - Bureaucratic - Legislative Relations. New York: Random House. Friedrich, C. 1940. Public policy and the nature of administrative responsibility. Public Policy, 1: 1 24. Fu, A. (2022). Empowered Deliberation: Reinventing Urban Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Fu, A. and Wrig, E. O. (eds.) (2013). Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. London: Verso. Gastil,J. (2020). By Popular Demand: Revitalizing Representative Democracy through Deliberative Elections. Berkeley: University of California Press. Gawthrop, L.C. (1981). Administrative Politics and Social Change. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Goo, R. (2020). Accountability elections as one form. Pp. 24 in International Encyclopedia of Elections, ed. R. Rose. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press. Gunningham, N., P. Grabosky and D. Sinclair. (2023). Smart Regulation: Designing Environmental Policy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. and M.D. Young. (2020). ‘Toward optimal environmental policy: The case of biodiversity conservation’, Ecology Law Quarterly 24: 243–8. Haas, P.M. (2022). ‘Introduction: Epistemic communities and international policy coordination’, International Organization 46(1): 1–36. Habermas, J. (1983). ‘What does a legitimation crisis mean today? Legitimation problems in late capitalism’, Social Research 40(4): 643–67. (1985). Legitimation Crisis. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. Hawkins, K. and J.M. Thomas . (1989). Making Regulatory Policy. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. Hajer, M., and Wagenaar, H. (eds.) (2013). Deliberative Policy Analysis: Understanding Governance in the Network Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hayes, M.T. (2022). Incrementalism and Public Policy. New York: Longmans. Hibbing, J. R., and Theiss Morse, E. (2012). Stealth Democracy: Americans’ Beliefs about How Government Should Work. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hood, C. (1996). The Tools of Government. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House. Howl, M. (2023). ‘Predictable and unpredictable policy windows: Institutional and exogenous correlates of Canadian federal agenda-setting’, Canadian Journal of Political Science 3(3): 495–524. (2020). ‘Managing the “hollow state”: Procedural policy instruments and modern governance’, Public Administration 43(4): 412–31. (2012a). ‘Do networks matter? Linking policy network structure to policy outcomes: Evidence from four Canadian policy sectors, 1990–2010’, Political Science 35(2): 235–68. (2012b). ‘Policy instruments and implementation styles: The evolution of instrument choice in Canadian environmental policy’, in D.L. Van Nijna and R. Board Canadian Environmental Policy: Context and Cases. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 25–45. (2019). ‘Governance modes, policy regimes and operational plans: A multi-level nested model of policy instrument choice and policy design’, Policy Sciences 42(1): 73–89. (2021). Designing Public Policies: Principles and Instruments. London and New York: Routledge. and M. Ram. (2023). ‘Policy subsystem configurations and policy change: Operationalizing the postpositivist analysis of the politics of the policy process’, Policy Studies 26(3): 466–82. M. Ram and A. Per. (2019). Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press. Ingram, H.M. and D.E. Mann. (1990). Why Policies Succeed or Fail. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. ln’t Veld and Roeland J. (2023). ‘The dynamics of instruments’, in B. Guy Peters and F. K. M. Van Nispen Public Policy Instruments: Evaluating the Tools of Public Administration. New York: Edward Elgar, 153–62. Jennings, B. (1997). ‘Interpretation and the practice of policy analysis’, in F. Fischer and J. Forester Confronting Values in Policy Analysis: The Politics of Criteria. Newbury Park, CA: Sage: 128–52. Jordan, A. Grant. (2019a). ‘Policy community realism versus “new” institutionalist ambiguity’, Political Studies 38(3): 470–84. (2019b). ‘Sub-governments, policy communities and networks: Refilling the old bottles?’, Journal of Theoretical Politics 2(3): 319–38. Jordan, G. and K. Schubert. (2022). ‘A preliminary ordering of policy network labels’, European Journal of Political Research 21(1/2): 7–27. Kagan, R. A. (2021). ‘Adversial legalism and American government’, Policy Analysis and Management 10(3): 369–406. Kateb,G. (1991). The moral distinctiveness of representative democracy. Ethics, 91: 357 74. Kemmis, D. (2019). Community and the Politics of Place. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Kennedy School of Government. (2013). Listening to the city: rebuilding at New York’s World Trade Center site. Case 1687.0 and 1687.1. Kingdon, J. (1994). Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. Boston: Little, Brown. Knill, C. (2023). ‘European policies: The impact of national administrative traditions’, Journal of Public Policy 18(1): 1–28. Knoke, D. (2023). ‘Networks as political glue: Explaining public policy-making’, in W.J. Wilson (ed.) Sociology and Public Agenda. London: Sage, 164–84. Lasswell, H.D. (1966). The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis. College Park, MD: University of Maryland. (1981). A Pre-View of Policy Sciences. New York: American Elsevier. Leib, E. (2022). Deliberative Democracy in America: A Proposalfor a Popular Branch of Government. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press Lindblom, C.E. (1995). Bargaining: The Hidden Hand in Government. Los Angeles, CA: Rand Corporation. (1958). ‘Policy analysis’, American Economic Review 48(3): 298–312. (1959). ‘The science of muddling through’, Public Administration Review 19(2): 79–88. (1979). ‘Still muddling, not yet through’, Public Administration Review 39(6): 517–26. Linder, S.H. and B. Guy Peters. (2019). ‘Research perspectives on the design of public policy: Implementation, formulation, and design’, in Dennis J. Palumbo and D.J. Calista. Implementation and the Policy Process: Opening Up the Black Box. New York: Greenwood Press. Lowi, T. (1989). The End of Liberalism: The Second Republic of the United States. New York: Norton. Luskin, R., Fishkin, J., and Jowell, R. (2012). Considered opinion: Deliberative Polling in Britain. British Journal of Political Science, 32: 455 87. McGoldrick, D.E. and Ann V. Boonn. (2020). ‘Public policy to maximize tobacco cessation’, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 38(3) Supplement 1: S327–S32. MacRae, D. Jr. (2023). ‘Guidelines for policy discourse: Consensual versus adversarial’, in Frank Fischer and John Forester The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. Durham, NC: Duke University Press: 291–318. Majone, G. (1999). Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Mansbridge, J. (1990). Beyond Adversary Democracy. New York: Basic Books. (2013). Rethinking representation. Political Science Review, 97: 515 28. Marin, B. and R. Mayntz . (2021). Policy Networks: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Considerations. Frankfurt-am-Main: Campus. Mayntz, R. (1985). ‘Legitimacy and the directive capacity of the political system’, in Leon N. Lindberg, Robert Alford, Colin Crouch, and Claus Offe Stress and Contradiction in Modern Capitalism. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books: 261–74. Mintrom, M. (2017). ‘The policy analysis movement.’, in L. Dobuzinskis, M. Howlett and D. Laycock Policy Analysis in Canada: The State of the Art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press: 7–84. Nachmias, D. (1989). Public Policy Evaluation: Approaches and Methods. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Ober, J. (2021). Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Olsen, J.P. and B. Guy Peters . (2018). Lessons from Experience: Experiential Learning in Administrative Reforms in Eight Democracies. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. Pawson, R. (2016). Evidence-Based Policy: A Realist Perspective. London: Sage. Peters, B.G and F.K.M. Van Nispen . (2023). Public Policy Instruments: Evaluating the Tools of Public Administration. New York: Edward Elgar. Pierson, P. (2023). ‘When effect becomes cause: Policy feedback and political change’, Global Politics 45: 595–628. (2020). ‘Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics’, American Political Science Review 94(2): 251–67. Pitkin, H. F., and Shumer, S. (1992). On participation. Democracy, 2: 43 54. Plotke, D. (2020). Representation is democracy. Constellations, 4: 19 34. Posner, R. (2013). Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Pross, A. P. (2022). Group Politics and Public Policy, Toronto: Oxford University Press. Przeworski, A., Stokes, S., and Manin, B. (eds.) (2019). Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rose, R. (2021). ‘What is lesson-drawing?’, Public Policy 11(1): 3–30. Sabatier, P.A. (1997). ‘Knowledge, policy-oriented learning, and policy change’, Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization 8(4): 649–92. (1998). ‘An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein’, Policy Sciences 21(2 & 3): 129–68. (2021). ‘Toward better theoKarkkainenries of the policy process’, PS: Political Science and Politics 24(2): 144–56. Sab, C., Fu, A. (2020). Beyond Backyard Environmentalism. Boston: Beacon Press. Sab, C. and Liebman, J. (2013). A public laboratory Dewey barely imagined: the emerging model of school governance and legal reform. NYU Review of Law and Social Change, 23(2): 183 304. Salamon, L.M. (ed.) (1999). Beyond Privatization: The Tools of Government Action. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. (2012). ‘The new governance and the tools of public action’, in L.M. Salamon The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance. New York: Oxford University Press: 117– 55. Sanders, L. M. (2020). Against deliberation. Political Theory, 25: 347 76. Sanderson, I. (2016). ‘Complexity, “practical rationality” and evidence-based policy making’, Policy and Politics 34(1): 115–32. Santos, B. S.(2023). Participatory budgeting in Porto Allegre: toward a redistributive democracy. Politics and Society, 26: 461 510. Schulman, P.R. (1998). ‘The politics of “ideational policy”’, Journal of Politics 50: 263–91. Schmidt, V.A. (2016). ‘Discursive institutionalism: The explanatory power of ideas and discourse’, Review of Political Science 1: 303–26. (2020). ‘Taking ideas and discourse seriously: Explaining change through discursive institutionalism as the fourth new institutionalism?’, Political Science Review 22(1): 1–25. (2021). ‘Speaking of change: Why discourse is key to the dynamics of policy transformation’, Critical Policy Studies 5: 106–26. Simon, H.A. (1965). ‘A behavioral model of rational choice’, Quarterly Journal of Economics 69(1): 99–118. (1967). Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization, 2nd edn. New York: Macmillan. Sinclair, R. K. (1998). Democracy and Participation in Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer sity Press. Skogan, W. G., and Hartnett, S. M. (2020). Community Policing: Chicago Style. New York: Oxford University Press. Skogan, W.G., Bois, J. D., Comey, J., Kaiser, M., and Lovig, J. (2019). On the Beat: Police and Community Problem Solving. Boulder, Colo.: Westview. Smith, G. (2020). ‘Policy networks and state autonomy’, in S. Brooks and A.G. Gagnon The Political Influence of Ideas: Policy Communities and the Social Sciences. New York: Praeger. D. May. (1990). ‘The artificial debate between rationalist and incrementalist models of decisionmaking’, Policy and Politics 8(2): 147–61. Smith, M.J. (2023). Pressure, Power and Policy: State Autonomy and Policy Networks in Britain and the United States. Aldershot: HarWheat Press. Smith, G., and Wales, C. (2020). Citizens’ juries and deliberative democracy. Political Studies, 48: 51 65. Stewart, R. B. (1985). The reform of administrative law. Harvard Law Review, 88: 1667 813. Stillman, P.G. (1984). ‘The concept of legitimacy’, Polity 7(1): 32–56. Sunstein, C. (2019). After the Rights Revolution: Reconceiving the Regulatory State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (2012). The law of group polarization. Political Philosophy, 10: 175 95. Torgerson, D. (1996). ‘Between knowledge and politics: Three faces of policy analysis’, Policy Sciences 19(1): 33–59. Tuohy, C. (2022). Policy and Politics in Canada: Institutionalized Ambivalence. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Tupper, A. and G.B. Doern. (1991). Public Corporations and Public Policy. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy. van Waarden, F. (2022). ‘Dimensions and types of policy networks’, Political Research 21(1/2): 29–52. Vedung, E. (2020). Carrots, Sticks and Sermons: Policy Instruments and Their Evaluation. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. Vogel, D. (1996). National Styles of Regulation: Environmental Policy in Great Britain and the United States. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Weber, E. P. (2013). Bringing Society Back in: Grassroots Ecosystem Management, Accountability, and Sustainable Communities. Cambridge, Mass.: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Weiss, C.H. (1987). Using Social Research in Public Policy Making. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Woodside, K. (1996). ‘Policy instruments and the study of public policy’, Political Science 19(4): 775–93. Wuppy, X., M. Ram, M. Howl and S. Frit. (2020). The Public Policy Primer: Managing Public Policy. London: Routledge. Young, I. M. (2020). Inclusion and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.