References
Aish, L., Kwon, H.R., Kidia, K., Machando, D., Crooks, M., Fricchione, G., Thornicroft, G., & Jack, H.E. (2019). Mental health of people detained within the justice system in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 13(31), 2 – 41. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/ American Psychological Association (2020). Building your Resilience. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_resilience#cite_note-APA2020-2 Belay, A. S., Guangul, M. M., Asmare, W. N., & Mesafint, G. (2021). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Psychological Distress among Nurses in Public Hospitals, Southwest, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional Study. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 31(6), 1247–1256. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v31i6.21 Bleuler, M. (1963). Conception of schizophrenia within the last fifty years and today. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 56, 945-952. Burt, K.B., & Paysnick, A.A. (2012). Resilience in the transition to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 24 (2), 493–505. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2010). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 879–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.006 Chiahemba, M.D., Terwase, J.M., Ihaji, E.O., Atsehe, P., Iulun, A., Tseva, V.J., & Agene, P. (2024). Positive thinking and Psychological Distress among the Elderly in Benue State. Contemporary Journal of Applied Psychology , 162 – 172. Available at: https://bsum.edu.ng/journals/cjap/2024/files/13.pdf. Curelaru, M., & Curelaru, V. (2025). Psychological Distress and Online Academic Difficulties: Development and Validation of Scale to Measure Students’ Mental Health Problems in Online Learning. Behavioral Sciences, 15(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15010026 Dutcher, J.M. (2023). 'Brain Reward Circuits Promote Stress Resilience and Health: Implications for Reward-Based Interventions'. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1177/09637214221121770 Emeka, N., Aguocha, C.M., Ryan, G., Ode, P., Ighagbon, F.O., Akinjola, O., Omoi, S., Abdulmalik, J., Abgir, T.M., Obekpa, O., Ogbole, S. & Eaton, J. (2020). Depression and experience of incarceration in North Central Nigeria: a situation analysis at Makurdi medium security prison. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 14(76), 2 – 11. Enebe, A.C., Oriji, S.O., James, B.O., Omoaregba, J.O., Anozie, I.G., Erohubie, P.O., Enebe, N.A., & Charles-Ugwuagbo, I. (2024). Substance use and psychiatric morbidity among inmates in a Nigerian correctional centre: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Prison Health, 21(4), 499-509. doi: 10.1108/IJOPH-02-2025-0017. PMID: 40836691. Erickson, E.P. (2023). All about Optimism: definition, health, effects, and how to boost your outlook. Everyday Health. Available at: https://www.everydayhealth.com/otional- Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium. Communication Monographs, 76, 408-420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360 Kessler, R.C., Barker, P.R., Colpe, L.J., Epstein, J.F., Gfroerer, J.C., & Hiripi, E. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60(2), 184-9. Niloofar, R., Alex, J.B., Benjamin, J.M., Jil, V., Alison, E.C., Johnson, J.E., & Fayes, S.T. (2022). The relationship between community public health, behavioral health service accessibility, and mass incarceration. BMC Health Services Researc, 22(966), 1 – 11. Nuttman-Shwartz, O., & Green, O. (2021). Resilience truths: Trauma resilience workers' points of view toward resilience in continuous traumatic situations. International Journal of Stress Management, 28 (1), 1–10. Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219-247. Scheier, M.F., Carver, C.S., & Bridges, M.W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67 (6), 1063 – 1078. Seligman, M. E. P. (2006). Learned optimism: How to change your mind and your life. Vintage. Seligman, M. E. P., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774 Wagnild, G. M. & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1, 165 -178. Weinstein, N. D. (1980). Unrealistic optimism about future life events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(5), 806–820. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.5.806 Winkler, P., Krupchanka, D., Roberts, T., Kondratova, L., Machu, V., Hoschl, C., Sartorius, N., Van Voren, R., Aizberg, O. & Bitter I. (2017). A blind spot on the global mental health map: a scoping review of 25 years’ development of mental health care for people with severe mental illnesses in central and eastern Europe. Lancet Psychiatry, 4(8), 634 – 42. World Health Organisation (2015). Mental Health Atlas. Geneva. World Health Organization (2018). Mental Health Atlas. Geneva.