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Neurodivergence and Flexible Learning Environments: A Critical Literature Review of Inclusive Pedagogical Strategies in Contemporary Schooling

Francesca Latino, Generoso Romano, Francesco Tafuri

Abstract

This literature review explores the intersection between neurodivergence and the development of flexible learning environments (FLEs) within contemporary educational contexts. Drawing on recent pedagogical, psychological, and design research, the article critically examines how spatial, temporal, and instructional flexibility can support the inclusion, autonomy, and learning of neurodivergent students, such as those with autism, ADHD, dyslexia, or dyspraxia. The review integrates theoretical perspectives from the fields of neurodiversity studies and Universal Design for Learning (UDL), highlighting both the potential and limitations of FLEs in addressing diverse cognitive and sensory needs. It synthesizes empirical findings related to classroom adaptability, assistive technologies, and teacher training, identifying gaps in current practices and research. The article concludes by proposing future directions for inclusive pedagogy that values neurocognitive pluralism and fosters equity-oriented educational design.

Keywords

Neurodivergence; Flexible Learning Environments; Inclusive Education; Universal

References

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