References
Adeniran et al (2022). Exchange rate dynamics and macroeconomic performance in West Africa. African Journal of Economic Policy, 15(2), 89-112. Afreximbank. (2025). African trade finance and external borrowing: Trends and challenges. Afreximbank Research Bulletin, 12(1), 23-45. African Union Commission. (2023). African economic outlook 2023: Growth and resilience. African Union Economic Report, 2023(1), 1-60. Agbogun, O. E., and Ehiedu, V. C. (2022). Trade policy drivers and economic performance of OPEC Member States. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance, and Management Research, 6(8), 109-118. Agyeman, F. (2022). Debt servicing and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana. Journal of African Finance and Economic Development, 8(1), 45-67. ANUKU, C.E.O and EHIEDI, Victor Chukwunweike (2007). Financing Micro-Industries in Nigeria for Sustainable Development. Journal of Public Policy Alert/ Association for Public Policy Analysis (APPA)/ Aba. Abia State. Pp.75-89. Vol. 1(1) Ashakah et al (2025). External debt, debt service, and growth in ECOWAS countries: Panel unit- root and cointegration analysis. West African Journal of Economics, 22(3), 88–109. Ayana et al (2023). Quantifying short- and long-term impacts of external debt on growth in Sub- Saharan Africa: Dynamic panel System-GMM approach. African Journal of Economic Policy, 21(4), 76–99. Boston University Global Development Policy Centre & Institute for Economic Justice. (2025). Debt servicing pressures and fiscal constraints in Africa. Global Development Policy Review, 8(3), 56-78. Coulibaly et al (2024). Foreign reserves, currency depreciation, and public debt vulnerabilities in Africa: Panel evidence. African Journal of Macroeconomics, 12(3), 101–123. Daba et al (2023). Short- and long-run effects of external debt on economic growth in Sub- Saharan Africa: Two-step system GMM evidence. Journal of African Development, 25(1), 34–58. Dawood et al (2024). Public debt and economic growth in developing economies: A case study of Sub-Saharan Africa. Development Policy Review, 42(4), 789-810. Ecofin Agency. (2025). WAEMU foreign reserves reach CFA 13.514 trillion in 2024. Ecofin Economic Bulletin, 22(4), 12-18. Ehiedu Victor C (2015). Impact of Interest Rate Deregulation on Corporate Financial Strategies (CFS) of Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria. Ph.D Thesis, Department of Accounting, Banking and Finance, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria Ehiedu, Victor Chukwunweike. (2021). Policy Options for Nigeria on Fiscal Responsibility. Journal of Finance, Governance and Strategic Studies. Collaborative Research (CORE) Associates. Faculty of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences. Federal University, Wukari. Taraba State. Nigeria. Pp. 19-34, 4(2) Ehiedu, Victor Chukwunweike. (2021). Minimum Rediscount Rate and Credit Creation by Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria. Nigerian. Journal of Financial Research/ Department of Finance and Banking. University of Port Harcourt. Pp. 80-93, 16(1) Ehiedu, Victor Chukwunweike. (2021). Determinants of Deposit Accumulation Strategies of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. African Journal of Accounting, Finance and Marketing/ University of Port Harcourt Business School. Pp. 32-54, 5(1) Ehiedu, Victor C and Ogbeta, Mercy. (2014). An Investigation into the Internal Control Systemin the Banking Industry (A Case of Some Selected Banks in Asaba, Delta State. European Journal of Business and Management. ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online). International Institute for Science, Technology & Education, UK. Pp. 149-155, 6(9) Ehiedu, Victor C and Osiegbu P.I. (2014). Capital Structure and Performance Evaluation in Manufacturing Sector: A Case Study of Selected Quoted Companies in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Research and Journal of Finance and Accounting. ISSN 2222- 1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online). International Institute for Science, Technology & Education, UK. Ehiedu, Victor C. (2014). The Impact of Liquidity on Profitability of Some Selected Companies. The Financial Statement Analysis (FSA) Approach. Research and Journal of Finance and Accounting. ISSN 2222-1697 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2847 (Online). International Institute for Science, Technology & Education, UK.. Pp. 81-90. 5(5) Ehiedu, Victor C, (2022). External Debt (ED) and Growth Nexus (GN) in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR)/. Academic Research World (IJARW). Pp. 58-68, 6(7). Ehiedu, Victor C. (2022). Monetary Jeopardy (MJ) and Nigeria’s Deposit Money Bank Performance (DMBP) Relationship: ARDL Approach. International Journal of Advanced Economics P-ISSN: 2707-2134, E-ISSN: 2707-2142 DOI: 10.51594/ijae.v4i8.409 Fair East Publishers. Pp. 180-198, 4(8) EHIEDU Victor C. (2023). Tax Returns and Development of Infrastructure: The Nigerian Experience. Journal of Xidian University. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.37896/jxu17.2/028. ISSN No. 1001-2400. University of Xidian Publications. Pp. 400-412. 17(2) EHIEDU Victor C. (2023). Trade Drivers and Balance of Payment Equilibrium in Nigeria: Pre and Post Covid-19 Era. Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology. . DOI: https://doi.org/10.37896/JXAT15.3/31756. ISSN No: 1006-7930. Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology. Pp. 77-96. 15(3) EHIEDU Victor C. (2023). Financial Innovation (FIs) and Performance of Deposit Money Banks (PMDBs) in Nigeria. Innovations. 19650256 (E) 12674982(P). 62 Rue Pierre Motte. Saint-Dizier. Champagne-Ardenne. France 44522. Innovations Publications. Pp. 573- 72(03) EHIEDU Victor C and Toria Gladys, (2022). Audit Indicators and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria. Linguistics and Culture Review. Pp. 14-41 6(S1). https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6nS1.1887. (Special Issue on Economics, Accounting and Management EAM). American Linguist Association. New York. USA. Ehiedu, V.C. and Obi, C.K, (2022). Efficient market hypothesis (emh) and the Nigerian stock Exchange in the midst of global financial crisis. International Journal of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR)/. Academic Research World (IJARW). Pp. 263-273 Ehiedu V.C and Imoagwu C.P, (2022). Effect of corporate diversification strategies on the financial performance of industrial goods in Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Research in Social Sciences P-ISSN: 2706-9176, E-ISSN: 2706-9184 DOI: 10.51594/ijarss.v4i8.390 Fair East Publishers Ehiedu Victor C, and Imoagwu Chika Priscilla, (2022). Firm specific determinants and its implication on listed oil and gas firms profitability in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Economics P-ISSN: 2707-2134, E-ISSN: 2707-2142 DOI: 10.51594/ijae.v4i7.389 Fair East Publishers Ehiedu V.C. (2022).Corporate Finance Alternative and Shareholders’ Value Creation in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance & Management Research(IJAAFMR). Research (IJAAFMR). International Journals of Academic Research World (IJARW). Pp. 26-33, 6(6) Ehiedu, V. C. (2022). Analysis of micro prudential determinants of capital adequacy in deposit money banks. International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research, 4(11), 398-415. Ehiedu, Victor C, (2022). Deficit financing (df) and sustainable growth (sg) in a small open economy. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance & Management/ Research (IJAAFMR). International Journal of Academic Research World (IJARW). Pp. 1-96(7) Ehiedu Victor C. and Brume-Ezewu, Christiana (2022). Corporate Attributes and Environmental Social And Governance (Esg) Reporting Among Listed Nigerian Firms: A Sector-Based Evaluation. International Journal of Management (IJM) Article ID: IJM_13_14_041 ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 097