A Comparative Critique of Nigeria's Educational System; An Imperative for Urgent Reform

Abgorh, Alphonsus. (2021, September 14). 7,000 Nurses leave Nigeria for greener-pastures annually—Registrar. Nigerian Tribune Newspaper. Retrieved from https://tribuneonlineng.com/7000?nurses?leave?nigeria?for?greener?pastures?annually?%E 2%80%95?registrar/ Agwu, Edwin. (December 2018). The Nigerian archaic academic curriculum and the need for a review. Lagos Business School Insight. Retrieved from https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbs- insight/ Bangura, Y. (1994). Intellectuals, Economic Reform and Social Change: Constraints and Opportunities in the Formation of a Nigerian Technocracy. Development and Change, 25(2), 261–305. Becker, G. S. (1975). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. NBER. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c3730/c3730.pdf CBS News. (2013, June 25). US Education spending tops global list, study shows. CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-education-spending-tops-global-list- study-shows/ Central Intelligence Agency. (2013). Literacy rate in America 2013. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html/ Dave, Simons. (2018, August 30). What other countries can learn from Singaporean schools. Economist Newspaper. Retrieved from www.economist.com/leaders/2018/08/30/what- other-countries-can-learn-from-singapores-schools Denison, E. F. (1962). Accounting for United States Economic Growth. Washington: Brookings Institution. Dike, V. (June 2012). Education. Retrieved from www.afbis.com/analysis/education/10204234737.html Ekundayo, P. E., Osalusi, F. M., & Arogundade. (2010). Towards Redressing the Brain-Drain Syndrome in Nigerian Universities. American–Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 5(3), 156–160. Ewepu, Gabriel. (2021, April 30). Poor funding of education responsible for rising insecurity, ActionAid, others tell FG. Vanguard Newspaper. Retrieved from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/04/poor-funding-of-education-responsible-for- rising-insecurity-actionaid-others-tell-fg/ Eze, Amaechi. (2021). Re-evaluating Education in Nigeria in the Context of Global Relevance (A philosophical paradigm for innovative education). British International Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 8(10). Macrotrends. (2022, June 20). South Africa Education Spending. Retrieved from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/ZAF/south-africa/education-spending New Prairie Press. (2023). The Role of Human Capital Theory in Organizational Performance. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/390235920_The_Role_of_Human_Capital_in_ Organizational_Performance_A_Prelude_to_Nigeria%27s_Economic_Development- A_Study_of_Nigerian_National_Petroleum_Company_Limited_NNPCL Ocho, L. O. (2005). Issues and Concerns in Education. Enugu: Institute for Development Studies. OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 Results (Volume I): The State of Learning and Equity in Education. Paris: OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022- results-volume-i_53f23881-en.html OECD. (2023). PISA 2022 Country Notes – Korea and Estonia. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pisa-2022-results-volume-i-and-ii-country- notes_ed6fbcc5-en/korea_4e0cc43a-en.html Ojomo, Akor. (2022, April 22). Brain Drain: Nigeria lost over 9,000 doctors in two years—NMA. Daily Trust Newspaper. Retrieved from https://dailytrust.com/nigeria-lost-over-9000- doctors-to-uk-others-in-2-years-nma Omovo, B. C. (2006). History of the 6?3?3?4 System of Education in Nigeria. Lagos: Daily Sketch. Oni, J. O. (2009). Management of Primary Education in Nigeria: Trends, Constraints and Solutions. The Social Sciences, 4(3), 286–290. Our World in Data (World Bank/UNESCO). (2025). Total Government Expenditure on Education (% of GDP). Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/total-government- expenditure-on-education-gdp Owolabi, H. O. (2003). Antecedents of Current Procedures of Evaluating Learning Outcomes in Nigeria Educational System. Nigerian Journal of Educational Foundations, 6(1), 34–49. Salihu, Gambo. (September 2015). Assessment of funding of federal universities: Evidence from Ahmadu Bello University. Yobe Journal of Economics (YOJE), 2(1). ScienceDirect. (n.d.). Overview of Human Capital Theory. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/human-capital-theory Singapore Budget. (2020). Total Estimated Outlays for FY2020 by Head of Expenditure. Retrieved from https://www.singaporebudget.gov.sg/docs/default- source/budget_2020/download/pdf/05government-expenditure-2020.pdf The Guardian. (2025, May 26). Estonia eschews phone bans in schools and embraces AI in classrooms. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2025/may/26/estonia-phone-bans-in-schools-ai- artificial-intelligence TheGlobalEconomy. (2023). South Korea: Public Spending on Education (% of GDP). Retrieved from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/South-Korea/Education_spending/ Thomas, & Sally. (2017). Digest of Education Statistics (53rd ed.). Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. (2010). Government expenditure on education. World Bank. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS World Economic Forum. (2017). Global University Leaders Forum (GULF). Retrieved from https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GULF_List_pager_2017_.pdf