References
ACFE. (2022). Report to the Nations: Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. https://www.acfe.com. Adegbie, F.F., & Fakile, A.S. (2021). Fraudulent Practices and Corporate Collapse in Nigeria: Evidence from Port Harcourt Firms. Journal of Accounting and Taxation Studies, 9(1), 33– https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5592134 Association of Certified Fraud Examiners (ACFE). (2022). Report to the Nations: Global Study on Occupational Fraud and Abuse. https://www.acfe.com Chukwu, G.O., & Nwaiwu, J.N. (2020). Management Integrity and Financial Statement Quality in Nigeria Nigerian Journal of Business Review, 17(2), 59–75. Cressey, D. R. (1953). Other People's Money: A Study in the Social Psychology of Embezzlement. Free Press. Eze, J.E., & Okoye, E.I. (2023). Impact of Fraud Risk Assessment on Going Concern Evaluation International Journal of Auditing and Assurance, 15(1), 88–105. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijaa.2023.15.1.6 IFRS Foundation. (2023). IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements. https://www.ifrs.org/issued-standards/list-of-standards/ias-1-presentation-of-financial- statements/ Jensen, M.C., & Meckling, W.H. (1976). Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X KPMG. (2023). Global Fraud Outlook: Executive Perspectives on Corporate Misconduct. https://home.kpmg/xx/en/home/insights/2023/02/global-fraud-outlook.html Nwaobia, A.N., et al. (2022) Financial Irregularities and Audit Opinions in Nigerian Manufacturing Firms. International Journal of Business and Management Studies, 14(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBMS.2022.123456 Ogundana, O.M., et al. (2023). Corporate Governance Mechanisms and Fraud Prevention in Nigerian Firms Journal of African Business Ethics, 18(1), 10–25. https://doi.org/10.2478/jabe-2023-0003 Okolie, A.O., Izedonmi, P.F., & Enofe, A.O. (2020). Liquidity, Fraud, and Going Concern Doubts in Nigerian Firms. Journal of Accounting and Business Research, 10(2), 68–80. Okoye, E.I., & Gbegi, D.O. (2020). Forensic Accounting and Fraud Detection in the Public Sector in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Taxation, 12(3), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.5897/JAT2020.0452 Olatunji, T.E., & Adekoya, B.O. (2021). Internal Control Effectiveness and Financial Sustainability in Nigerian SMEs African Journal of Accounting and Finance, 13(4), 77– Pandey, I.M. (2021). Financial Management (12th ed.). Vikas Publishing House. Rezaee, Z. (2021). Financial Statement Fraud: Prevention and Detection. Wiley. Umar, A.M., & Ibrahim, M. (2022). The Effect of Financial Statement Fraud on Corporate Sustainability in Nigeria. Journal of Finance and Corporate Governance, 7(2), 45–59. White, G.I., Sondhi, A.C., & Fried, D. (2022). The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements (4th ed.). Wiley. SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Please tick (?) the appropriate option. Gender: ? Male ? Female Age: ? 18–25 ? 26–35 ? 36–45 ? 46–55 ? 56+ Educational Qualification: ? OND/NCE ? HND/B.Sc ? M.Sc/MBA ? PhD ? Others Current Position: ? Accountant ? Auditor ? Finance Manager ? Compliance Officer ? Other: _______ Years of Work Experience: ? Less than 5 years ? 5–10 years ? 11–15 years ? Above 15 years Industry Sector: ? Oil & Gas ? Manufacturing ? Banking ? Telecom ? Other: _______ SECTION B: Please tick (?) the appropriate option 5=Strongly Agree, 4= Agree, 3=Neutral, 2=Disagree, 1= Strongly Disagree Asset Misappropriation S/N Statement 5 4 3 2 1 1 Employees in my organization have access to cash or assets with limited oversight 2 There have been reported or suspected cases of inventory theft or cash diversion 3 Fraudulent payroll and expense reimbursement claims are common in our firm 4 Weak controls over physical assets encourage misappropriation Financial Statement Fraud S/N Statement 5 4 3 2 1 5 Financial statements are sometimes manipulated to meet performance targets 6 Revenues or expenses have been intentionally misstated in past reports 7 Management pressures accounting staff to alter reports 8 There is limited transparency in the company’s financial reporting practices Employee Collusion and Management Override S/N Statement 5 4 3 2 1 9 Collusion among employees undermines the effectiveness of internal controls 10 Senior management can override controls for personal or organizational advantage 11 Fraudulent activities are often concealed by top executives 12 Internal audits are sometimes influenced or suppressed by management. Liquidity Position S/N Statement 5 4 3 2 1 13 The company has experienced cash flow challenges due to financial irregularities 14 Fraud-related losses have negatively affected the firm’s ability to meet obligations 15 The company’s liquidity ratio has declined over recent reporting periods 16 Fraud has made it difficult for the company to access short-term financing. Profitability Trends S/N Statement 5 4 3 2 1 17 Financial fraud has impacted the firm’s profitability over the last 3 years 18 Misreporting of revenue or expenses has led to distorted profit figures 19 Persistent fraud has contributed to business losses. 20 Fraud-related financial inconsistencies have discouraged investors and shareholders. |