Influence of General Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Self- Esteem and Coping Strategies Among Internally Displaced Persons in Benue State, Nigeria

Abah, A., Iyorter, J., & Ochoga, E. (2023). Culturally-adapted interventions for PTSD and coping in IDP settings. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 175, 103804. Aina, O. F., Ayeni, A. O., Asuquo, A. E., & Olowookere, I. O. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial support services for internally displaced persons in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 11(1), 1-5. Akinsulure-Smith, A. M. (2017). Resilience in the face of adversity: African immigrants' mental health needs and the role of faith-based organizations. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(3), 335-342. Akpan, E. (2022). Assessing PTSD prevalence and risk factors in IDP camps in Benue State. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(1), 35-52. Akpan, E. (2023). The impact of displacement on self-esteem among IDPs in Benue State. International Journal of Migration and Displacement, 10(2), 78-92. Auxéméry, Y. (2018). Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. La Presse Médicale, 47(5):423–430. pmid:29580906. Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267- Chukwuorji, J. B. C., Ifeagwazi, C. M., Eze, J. E. (2019). Event centrality influences posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms via core beliefs in internally displaced older adults. Aging & mental health, 23(1):113–121. pmid:29099623. Crossman, A. (2023). Understanding Purposive Sampling. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/purposive-sampling-3026727. Djatche, J. M., Herrington, O. D., Nzebou, D., Galusha, D., Boum, Y., & Hassan, S. (2022). A cross-sectional analysis of mental health disorders in a mental health services-seeking population of children, adolescents, and young adults in the context of ongoing violence and displacement in northern Cameroon. Comprehensive psychiatry, 113:152293. pmid:34959002. Eze, C. O., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2023). Stress and coping strategies among college students: A systematic review. Journal of College Student Development, 64(1), 1-18. Eze, C., Iyorter, J., & Nwankwo, O. (2022). Coping strategies among internally displaced persons in Benue State, Nigeria. Journal of Displacement Studies, 15(3), 45-63. Georgiadou, E., Zbidat, A., Schmitt, G. M., & Erim, Y. (2017). Prevalence of mental distress among Syrian refugees with residence permission in Germany: A registry-based study. Frontiers in psychiatry, 8, 293. Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B. (2013). Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(7), 488-501. Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resources theory: Its implication for stress, health, and resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health, and coping (pp. 127-147). Oxford University Press. International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2024). DTM Nigeria — Biometric Registration Update. Report 4 Benue State IOM, Nigeria. Iorfa, S., Adekola, A., & Nwankwo, O. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSD among IDPs in North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Conflict and Health, 8(1), 15-27. Iorfa, S., Okoye, U., & Adebayo, F. (2022). The relationship between PTSD and coping among long-term IDPs. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 24(2), 89-103. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Madoro D., Kerebih, H., Habtamu, Y., Gtsadik, M., Mokona H., & Molla, A. (2020). Post- traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among internally displaced people in South Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2317–2326. pmid:33116530. Makango, B., Alemu, Z.A., Solomon, T., Lemma, N., Girma, T., & Mohammednur, T. (2023). Prevalence and factors associated with post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced people in camps at Debre Berhan, Amhara Region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC psychiatry, 23(1):81. pmid:36717807. Morina, N., Stam, K., Pollet, T. V., & Priebe, S. (2018). Prevalence of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees and internally displaced persons after ethnic conflicts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27(4), 393-404. Nicholas, A., Joshua, O., & Elizabeth, O. (2022). Accessing mental health Services in Africa: current state, efforts, challenges and recommendation. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 81:104421. pmid:35996570. Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Schnyder, U., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2016). Emotion dysregulation mediates the relationship between trauma exposure, post-migration living difficulties and psychological outcomes in traumatized refugees. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 185-192. Ogbu, C., Adebayo, F., & Ochoga, E. (2023). Education, hope, and coping strategies in an IDP context. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 15(2), 177-196. Olsson, E., & Nkosi, S. (2022). PTSD symptom severity and approach-oriented coping among internally displaced persons in East African camps. Journal of Refugee Studies, 35(3), 567- Panagioti, M., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2009). Post-traumatic stress disorder and suicidal behavior: A narrative review. Clinical psychology review, 29(6):471–482. pmid:19539412. Roberts, K., Ong, A. D., & Raftery, J. (2021). Anxiety, trauma, and coping among Syrian refugee children in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 34(1), 23-34. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. Silove, D. (2013). The ADAPT model: A conceptual framework for mental health and psychosocial programming in post conflict settings. Intervention, 11(3), 237-248. Taru, M. Y., Bamidele, L. I., Makput, D. M., Audu, M. D., Philip, T. F., & John, D. F., (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder among internally displaced victims of Boko Haram terrorism in north-eastern Nigeria. Jos Journal of Medicine, 12(1):8–15. The Conversation. (2023, November 19). Over 2 million Nigerians are displaced by farmer-herder conflict in Benue State: there are 4 support systems they turn to. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2015). The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD. Yamane, T. (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. 2nd Edition, Harper and Row, New York.