References
Akinpelu, D. A. (1999). Antimicrobial activity of Vernonia amygdalina leaves. Fitoterapia, 70(4), 432–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00057-5 Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H., Abdul Mudalip, S. K., & Olalere, O. A. (2017). Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Vernonia amygdalina: A review. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Biotechnology, 2(1), 80–96. Ayoola, G. A., Coker, H. A. B., Adesegun, S. A., et al. (2008). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of selected medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(17), 3120–3126. Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022 CLSI. (2023). Performance standards for antimicrobial vulnerability analysis (33rd ed.). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Davies, J., & Davies, D. (2010). Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74(3), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00016-10 Edim, H. E., Egomi, U. G., Ekpo, U. F., & Okon, E. A. (2012). A review of Gongronema latifolium as a medicinal plant. International Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 1(8), 204–208. Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: Issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177 Eleyinmi, A. F. (2007). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Gongronema latifolium. Journal of Zhejiang University Science B, 8(5), 352–358. Erasto, P., Grierson, D. S., & Afolayan, A. J. (2006). Bioactive sesquiterpene lactones from Vernonia amygdalina. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106(1), 117–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.016 Farombi, E. O., & Owoeye, O. (2011). Antioxidative and chemopreventive properties of Vernonia amygdalina. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 2533–2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8062533 Harborne, J. B. (1998). Phytochemical methods: A guide to modern techniques of plant analysis (3rd ed.). Chapman & Hall. Hewlings, S. J., & Kalman, D. S. (2017). Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods, 6(10), 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092 Ijeh, I. I., & Ejike, C. E. C. C. (2011). Current perspectives on the medicinal potentials of Vernonia amygdalina. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(7), 1051–1061. Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., & Mobley, H. L. T. (2004). Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2(2), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro818 Madigan, M. T., Bender, K. S., Buckley, D. H., Sattley, W. M., & Stahl, D. A. (2021). Brock biology of microorganisms (16th ed.). Pearson. Morebise, O., Fafunso, M. A., Makinde, J. M., Olajide, O. A., & Awe, E. O. (2002). Antiinflammatory property of Gongronema latifolium. Phytotherapy Research, 16(S1), S75–S77. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1039 Murray, C. J. L., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., et al. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140- 6736(21)02724-0 Nazzaro, F., Fratianni, F., De Martino, L., Coppola, R., & De Feo, V. (2013). Effect of essential oils on pathogenic bacteria. Pharmaceuticals, 6(12), 1451–1474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph6121451 Sharifi-Rad, J., Rayess, Y. E., Rizk, A. A., et al. (2020). Curcuma longa L. (turmeric): Ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Phytotherapy Research, 34(2), 340–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6529 Silhavy, T. J., Kahne, D., & Walker, S. (2010). The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2(5), a000414. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000414 Sofowora, A., Ogunbodede, E., & Onayade, A. (2013). The role and place of medicinal plants in healthcare delivery. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 10(5), 210–229. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v10i5.2 Teow, S. Y., Liew, K., Ali, S. A., Khoo, A. S., & Peh, S. C. (2016). Antibacterial action of curcumin against Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2853045. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2853045 Tong, S. Y. C., Davis, J. S., Eichenberger, E., Holland, T. L., & Fowler, V. G. (2015). Staphylococcus aureus infections: Epidemiology and management. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), 603–661. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00134-14 Tyagi, P., Singh, M., Kumari, H., Kumari, A., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2015). Bactericidal activity of curcumin against clinical isolates. Journal of Antibiotics, 68(5), 353–361. https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2014.144 Ugochukwu, N. H., & Babady, N. E. (2003). Antioxidant effects of Gongronema latifolium. Fitoterapia, 74(7–8), 712–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00137-9 Wagner, H., & Ulrich-Merzenich, G. (2009). Synergy research: Approaching a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals. Phytomedicine, 16(2–3), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2008.12.018 WHO. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance fact sheet. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
