Optimization of Building Forms and Orientation in Influencing Daylighting Distribution and Energy Use in Academic Buildings

Abstract

Daylighting is a critical determinant of visual comfort, energy efficiency, and learning outcomes in architecture schools, where prolonged studio-based visual tasks demand high-quality natural illumination. In tropical regions such as Karu, Nigeria, daylight is abundant, yet its intensity must be carefully controlled to avoid glare and overheating. This study assessed the effects of building forms and architectural elements on daylight optimization in academic buildings. A case study research design supported by a mixed-method approach was adopted, involving field observation, photographic documentation, and on-site lux-meter measurement of three Faculty of Architecture buildings within comparable tropical climatic regions of Nigeria. alongside a structured questionnaire administered to 45 architecture-related students (40 validated responses). Daylight performance was evaluated using Outdoor Illuminance, Average Indoor Illuminance, Daylight Factor (DF), and the Daylight Uniformity Ratio. Findings revealed average indoor illuminance of 1,300, 1,800, and 1,167 lux, and Daylight Factors of 2.1%, 2.8%, and 2.1% respectively, with the courtyard-based University of Lagos building achieving the most balanced glare control despite comparatively lower illuminance. None of the case studies incorporated clerestories, skylights, or light shelves. Users demonstrated strong knowledge of conventional daylighting strategies, but financial, technical, and institutional barriers were found to inhibit their integration into the built form. The study concludes that daylight optimization is best achieved through the deliberate, early, and interdisciplinary integration of building form, orientation, window-to-wall ratio, shading, and interior reflectance, and recommends specific design targets for the achieving daylighting distribution and energy consumption in the design and construction of future academic buildings in the long run.

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