Continuity and Disruption: An Analytical Evaluation of Paul’s Dual Relationship With Second Temple Judaism

Abstract

This paper examines the apostle Paul’s complex relationship with Second Temple Judaism, arguing that it is best understood through a framework of both continuity and disruption rather than simple rejection or complete identification. Older interpretations, influenced by post- Reformation theological categories, frequently portrayed Paul as abandoning a legalistic Judaism of works in favour of a gospel of grace. The recovery of the diversity, theological coherence, and covenantal character of Second Temple Judaism, particularly through E. P. Sanders’s concept of “covenantal nomism,” has significantly challenged this traditional paradigm. Against this background, the study analyses the historical and religious contours of Second Temple Judaism as the essential context for evaluating Paul’s Jewish identity and theological development. It subsequently explores the ways Paul remained deeply rooted in Jewish Scripture, monotheism, covenantal traditions, messianic expectation, and Jewish patterns of theological reasoning, while also identifying areas in which his Christological convictions, understanding of Torah, and inclusion of Gentiles created significant tensions with aspects of prevailing Jewish thought. Drawing on John M. G. Barclay’s understanding of grace and insights from the “Paul within Judaism” school, the paper seeks to reconcile these apparently competing dimensions of continuity and disruption. It argues that Paul should neither be portrayed as a straightforward opponent of Judaism nor reduced to an uncomplicated representative of Second Temple Jewish thought. Rather, his theology reflects a Jewish reconfiguration of covenant, Torah, Messiah, and Gentile inclusion in light of his conviction concerning Jesus Christ. The study concludes that recognising this dual relationship provides a more historically responsible and theologically nuanced approach to Paul and offers important implications for contemporary Jewish-Christian interpretation and dialogue.

Keywords

References