Historical Contributions and Contemporary Barriers to Women Participation in Conflict Resolution and Peacebuilding in Ogoni Land (1993 to 2022)

mean. These results indicate that the conflict has moderately hindered women’s access to essential resources and placed a substantial caregiving burden on them. Other issues, including emotional trauma (mean = 2.48), displacement and loss of livelihoods (mean = 2.47), and disproportionate violence against women (mean = 2.44), fall slightly below the standard reference mean. Thus, perceived as less prominent compared to caregiving responsibilities and economic disruptions. The standard deviations, ranging from 1.067 to 1.171, indicate moderate variability in responses, reflecting differing perceptions and experiences among the respondents. Table 4.5: Mean and standard Deviation for Research Question 2 No. of Item Respondents Mean Std. Deviation Patriarchy Norms & gender roles 388 2.42 1.112 Illiteracy 388 2.47 1.133 Security risks & Intimidation 388 2.43 1.106 Limited access to funding 388 2.51 1.142 Patriarchy Norms & gender roles 388 2.59 1.097 Source: Field work (2024) Table 4.5 shows the mean and standard deviation values for research question: the extent to which Ogoni culture allows women to participate in conflict resolution. The means for most statements, ranging between 2.42 and 2.59, indicate that responses were generally close to the midpoint of the scale. The lowest mean (2.42) corresponds to the statement that Ogoni cultural practices discourage women from participating in formal conflict resolution processes, suggesting that more respondents disagreed with this notion. Similarly, the mean for traditional norms prioritizing male leadership (2.47) and women’s limited roles in traditional councils (2.43) further indicate that opinions are fairly divided on the extent of cultural restrictions. The highest mean (2.59) is for the statement that Ogoni culture recognizes and supports women’s contributions to resolving family- level disputes, suggesting a stronger agreement with the idea that women are valued in domestic