Effects of Neem Seed and Wire Croton Extracts on Mild Steel in Salt and Fresh Water Media Using Electrochemical – SEM – GCMS and FTIR

3000 advanced electrochemical workstation. The reference electrode used was saturated calomel electrode , The counter electrode was platinum electrode and the working electrode was metal (mild steel) with an exposed surface area of 1 cm2. The electrolytes were the test solutions of Salt water and Fresh water in the presence and absence of different concentrations of the Neem Seed and Wire Croton extract. To get a steady state for accurate reading at open circuit potential , the metal electrode was immersed in the test solution for 3 hrs. Measurements of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy were carried out over a frequency of 60 Hz, with a 10 mV amplitude sinusoidal voltage. The corrosion behavior of mild steel in Salt water in presence and absence of Wire Croton and Neem Seed plant extracts were investigated by EIS after immersion. 2.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy The SEM uses an electron beam instead of a beam of light, which moved directed towards the specimen under examination where the electron gun is located at the top of the device, shoot out a beam of highly concentrated electrons. There are two main types of electron guns used by SEM. The first, thermionic guns that heat a filament until electrons stream away and field emission guns, other popular choice rip electrons away from their atoms by generating a strong electrical field. The SEM usually requires a vacuum chamber to function, as the election beam must not be obstructed as the microscope. Small particle could deflect the electrons onto the specimen itself when observing the results. When a specimen is hit with electrons incident beam, it emits X-rays and three kinds of electrons namely; Primary backscattered electrons, Secondary electrons and Auger electrons. The SEM uses primary backscatter electrons and secondary electrons. An electron recorder picks up the rebounding electrons and records their imprint. This information is translated onto a screen which allows three dimensions images to be represented clearly. One of the SEM’s greatest advantages is its ability to reproduce a texture information in a consistent and coherent manner. 3.0 Results and Discussion 3.1 Analysis of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry The results of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry of plant extract observed as molecular phytochemical properties of corrosion inhibition in composition of Wire Croton are Cembranoid (over 11.95%), Labdanes (over 15.48%), Hexadecanoic acid Ethylester over (11.41%), 1,2,4- Trithiolane,3,5-diethyl (over 9.36%) and Methyl,8-Methyl-nonanoate. The Wire Croton are well- known inhibitors that enhance surface coverage due to bulky structure, adsorption on metal surface, formation of a protective organic film, electron donation via heteroatoms (O, S) and blocking anodic and cathodic reaction site especially in saline and fresh water environments (Izionwuru et al., 2021; Madawa et al., 2025). Also, the results of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry of plant extract observed as molecular phytochemical properties of corrosion inhibition in composition of Neem seed are Azadirone (over 18.54%), 2-Furancarboxaldehyde (over 11.13), Meliantriol (over 10.89%), Epoxyazadiradione (over 9.67%), Ammonium acetate (over 9.54%), Salannol (over 9.42%), for Neem Seed. The Molecular phytochemical properties for Neem Seed are eco-friendly (“green”) inhibitors and effectiveness on metal type, corrosion IJEMT medium, concentration and Temperature. The molecular phytochemical properties contain heteroatoms (O) π-electrons systems, absorb onto metal surface (Steel, mild steel, aluminum), form a protective film that reduces metal dissolution and act mainly as mixed-type inhibitors (both anodic and cathodic) while 2-Propen-1-one (over 54.12%), Dodecanoic acid (over 8.14%), Bis(2- ethylhexyl) Phthalate (over 4.37%), Squalene (3.47%) Cyclododecanol (3.34%) and Pivalamide (over 3.30%) for Blended Neem Seed and Wire Croton Extract. The 2-Propen-1-one (Izionwuru et al., 2021; Madawa et al., 2025). Molecular phytochemical properties observed in Blended Neem Seed and Wire Croton Extract are effective corrosion inhibitors for metals like mild steel coupon in saline and fresh water environments, working by adsorbing onto the metal surface to form a protective film, with efficiency boosted by heteroatoms (O, N, S) and π-electrons using electrochemical techniques. (with Neem seed extract exhibiting relatively higher concentrations of active constituents) Past work on green inhibitors have established molecular phytochemicals components capability in corrosion rate inhibition of metal samples in contact with corrosive environments. Extensive literature review and research have shown that these molecules and hence functional groups are capable of inhibiting the rate at which corrosion takes place on metal surfaces in salt water and fresh water media where the use of metals and other substances that corrode (Izionwuru et al., 2021; Madawa et al., 2025) 3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy The Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy of the plant extracts of wire croton, neem seed and its blended sample are highlighted in Table.2, Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. Also presented are infrared spectrums interpretation of the control or blank which are the fresh and salt water following Spectrums Practical guideline articulated by Coates in 2000 (REFERENCE) Table 2: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy of Neem Seed Extract Compound Class Functional Group Appearance LC FTIR Spectra Peaks Amines N-H bend Medium 1638 Alkynes -C(triple bond)C-Stretch Weak 2122 Amines amides N-H Stretch Medium 3267 The Infrared spectrum of the plant extracts of neem seed base stock corrodent are presented along with the interpretation of the spectrums following the practical guidelines articulated in (Izionwuru et al., 2021). The interpretation of the infrared spectrum of neem seed corrodent shown in Figure 1 is detailed in Table2. Thus, the neem seed possess weak (w) but broad (r) COOH dimmers and medium C = C aromatic stretch indicating the presence of Phenol, and N - H stretch and variable N - H bend present in amines, thereby suggesting presence of heteroatoms like nitrogen. In addition, it can be deduced that these constituents contribute to the inhibiting property exhibited by neem seed. This is in agreement with (Izionworu et al., 2021a) whose report was corroborated by (Ukpaka et al. 2023) that heteroatoms in functional groups play a prominent role in the inhibition process of crude extracts IJEMT Figure 1: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy for Neem Seed Besides, the infrared spectrum of the plant extracts of wire croton base stock corrodent are presented along with the interpretation of the spectrums following the practical guidelines articulated in (Izionwuru et al., 2021). The interpretation of the infrared spectrum wire croton corrodent depicted in Figure 2 as shown in Table 3. It can be deduced that wire croton have C - N stretch that suggests the presence of Aliphatic Amines, weak (w) but broad (r) COOH dimmers and medium C = C aromatic stretch indicating the presence of Phenol, and variable N - H bend present in amines suggesting presence of heteroatoms like nitrogen. Table 3: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy of Wire Croton Extract Compound Class Functional Group Appearance LC FTIR Spectra Peaks Aliphatic Amines C-N stretch Medium 1043 Aromatics C-C stretch( in ring) Medium 1412 Primary amines N-H bend Medium 1636 Alkanes -C(triple bond)C-H:C-H Stretch Medium 3281 Therefore, it can be posited that these constituents contribute to the inhibiting property exhibited by wire croton, which is in tandem with (Izionworu et al., 2021a) whose report was corroborated by Ukpaka et al. (2023) that heteroatoms in functional groups play a prominent role in the inhibition process of crude extracts. IJEMT Figure 2: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy for Wire Croton In addition, the Infrared spectrum of the plant extracts of blended neem seed and wire croton base stock corrodent are presented along with the interpretation of the spectrums following the practical guidelines articulated in (Izionwuru et al., 2021). The interpretation of the infrared spectrum of blended neem seed and wire croton corrodent shown in Figure 3 and Table 4 respectively. It shows that blended neem seed and wire croton have C = H stretch that suggests the presence of Tannin (a compound in plants), weak (w) but broad (r) COOH dimmers and medium C = C aromatic stretch indicating the presence of Phenol, and variable N - H bend present in amines suggesting presence of heteroatoms like nitrogen. Table 4: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Blended Plant Extracts of Neem Seed and Wire Croton Compound Class Functional Group Appearance LC FTIR Spectra Peaks Alkyl halide C-Cl stretch Strong 782.7 Aromatics C-H stretch Strong 887.1 Aliphatic amines C-N stretch Medium 1006 Aliphatic amines C-N stretch Medium 1230 Aromatic amines C-N stretch Strong 1271 Asymmetric C-O Asymmetric stretch Strong 1319 Aromatics C-C stretch (in ring) Medium 1420 Alkanes -C=C- stretch Medium 1658 Nil Nil 1886 Nil Nil Nil 1986 Alkynes -C(triple bond)C- stretch Weak 2124 Aldehydes H-C=O:C-H stretch Medium 2579 Aldehydes H-C=O:C-H stretch Medium 2657 Alkanes C-H stretch Medium 2821 Alkanes H-C=O:C-H stretch Medium 2866 Alkanes C-H stretch Medium 2989 Alkanes C-H stretch Medium 3082 IJEMT Thus, it can be deduced that these constituents contribute to the inhibiting property exhibited by blended neem seed and wire croton based on results of Izionworu et al., 2021a and supported by Ukpaka et al. (2023) that heteroatoms in functional groups play a prominent role in the inhibition process of crude extracts. Figure 3: Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy for Blended Wire Croton-Neem Seed 3.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement The graphical representation of Nyquist plots, Bode plot and Theta plot of mild steel in uninhibited and inhibited Salt and Fresh solutions containing concentrations of Wire Croton and Neem Seed plant extract are displayed in Figures 4, 5 and 6 respectively. EIS (BODE PLOT) OF STEEL COUPON TREATED NEEM SEED (INHIBITOR) 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 10-1 100 101 Frequency (Hz) |Z| NEEM SEED.z60 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 Frequency (Hz) theta EIS (NYQUIST PLOT ) OF STEEL COUPON TREATED WITH NEEM SEED (INHIBITOR) 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 -1.00 -0.75 -0.50 -0.25 0 0.25 Z' Z'' NEEM SEED.z60 IJEMT Figure 4: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Neem seed Figure 5: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Wire Croton Figure 6: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Fresh Water. The impedance spectra of mild steel in fresh water in the absence and presence of Wire croton and Neem seed plant extracts are depicted in the Nyquist plots (Figures 4, 5, and 6). For the uninhibited fresh water , the plot exhibits a nearly perfect semicircle, indicating that the electrochemical reaction is predominantly controlled by the charge transfer process. The charge transfer resistance corresponds to the difference along the real impedance axis between the low- and high-frequency regions (Inzunza et al., 2012; Zulkifli et al., 2022). The semicircular response observed across the sample Nyquist plots further confirms that the corrosion process operates under charge transfer control (Thirumoolan et al., 2022). Wire Croton and Neem seed extracts to the fresh water solution, EIS (BODE PLOT) OF STEEL COUPON TREATED WIRE CROTON (INHIBITOR) 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 10-1 100 101 Frequency (Hz) |Z| wire croton.z60 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 -50 -25 0 25 Frequency (Hz) theta EIS (NYQUIST PLOT) OF STEEL COUPON IN -75 -50 -25 Z'' steel coupon in w 999 EIS (BODE PLOT) OF STEEL COUPON IN WELL WATER 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 101 102 103 Frequency (Hz) |Z| steel coupon in well water medium.z60 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 -15 -10 -5 0 theta EIS (NYQUIST PLOT ) OF STEEL COUPON TREATED WITH WIRE CROTON (INHIBITOR) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0 0.5 Z' Z'' wire croton.z60 IJEMT the charge transfer resistance increased significantly, reflecting an increase in overall impedance with higher inhibitor concentrations (Ghelichkhah et al., 2021). In addition, the electrochemical characteristics of the system were further evaluated using Bode plots to gain detailed insights into the frequency response behavior (Matad et al., 2014; Nugroho et al., 2018; Zulkifli et al., 2022). Bode plots demonstrated that at low frequencies, a higher impedance modulus corresponds to enhanced corrosion resistance with the maximum phase angle peak increased progressively with inhibitor addition. Therefore, maximum phase angle peaks reached approximately 50o for wire Croton extract and 45o for Neem seed extract in comparison with 12o for the fresh water blank. This notable increase indicates superior passivation performance, which aligns closely with the Nyquist findings. This phase angle behavior illustrates the stability of the protective adsorbed film and clarifies the charge transfer mechanism occurring at the metal–electrolyte interface (Zulkifli et al., 2017; Zulkifli et al., 2022). Thus, these deductions confirm that optimal corrosion inhibition is achieved at higher extract concentrations (Aziz et al., 2014). The strong consistency between the Bode and Nyquist plots provides robust evidence that the inhibition mechanism is predominantly driven by the adsorption of organic molecules onto the steel surface, forming a barrier layer that restricts charge transport and mitigates ongoing corrosion (Pourzarghan & Fazeli- Nasab, 2021; Qiang et al., 2020, 2021). Furthermore, the impedance spectra of mild steel in saltwater in the absence and presence of wire Croton and Neem seed extracts are illustrated in Figures 4, 5, and 7 respectively. For the uninhibited saltwater solution , the Nyquist plot displays a nearly perfect semicircle, indicating that the electrochemical process is predominantly controlled by charge transfer. The charge transfer resistance corresponds to the difference in real impedance measured at the low- and high-frequency limits. The semicircular response observed across the sample plots further confirms that the electrochemical reactions remain under charge transfer control. Figure 7: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Salt Water The Wire Croton and Neem seed plant extracts into the saltwater solution, the charge transfer resistance increased significantly, reflecting a rise in overall impedance with increasing inhibitor concentration. To complement the Nyquist analysis, the frequency response behavior was further evaluated using Bode plots. In the low-frequency region of the Bode plot, a higher impedance EIS (BODE PLOT) OF STEEL COUPON IN SIMULATED SEA WATER 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 10-1 100 101 Frequency (Hz) |Z| steel coupon in simulated sea water medium.z60 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 -30 -20 -10 0 Frequency (Hz) theta EIS (NYQUIST PLOT) OF STEEL COUPON IN SIMULATED SEA WATER 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 -10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0 Z' Z'' steel coupon in simulated sea water medium.z60 IJEMT modulus signifies enhanced corrosion resistance with maximum phase angle gradually increased with the addition of plant extracts. The maximum phase angle reached approximately 50o for the Wire Croton extract and 45o for the Neem seed extract in comparison with 22o for the uninhibited saltwater blank. This marked increase in phase angle demonstrates superior passivation performance and aligns with the higher impedance values observed in the Nyquist plots. This comparative analysis demonstrates the stability of the protective adsorbed layer and clarifies the charge transfer mechanism occurring at the metal–electrolyte interface, thereby confirming the inhibitor's efficacy. Thus, it can be posited that optimal inhibition efficiency is achieved at higher extract concentrations, in tandem with the Bode and Nyquist responses. This consistency confirms that the inhibition mechanism is governed by the physical or chemical adsorption of organic plant molecules onto the mild steel surface, creating a protective barrier that restricts charge transport and mitigates ongoing corrosion (Pourzarghan & Fazeli-Nasab, 2021). 3.4 Surface Morphological Studies of the Inhibition on the Surface of Mild Steel Coupon The results of Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) of plant extracts from Neem Seed, Wire Croton and Blended Neem Seed and Wire Croton extracts observed the characterization of morphology of the corroded mild steel coupon use in presence and absence of the inhibitors in composition of Iron (over 84.97 of Atomic Concentration and 90.31 of weight concentration) and of (over 7.83 of Atomic Concentration and 1.79 of weight concentration) for Wire Croton, (over 84.03 of Atomic Concentration and 91.67 of weight concentration) and chlorine of (over 6.30 of Atomic Concentration and 4.36 of weight concentration) for Neem seed (over 90.33of Atomic Concentration and 93.72 of weight concentration) and carbon of (over 7.83 of Atomic Concentration and 1.79 of weight concentration) for blended Neem Seed-Wire Croton Extract . Plate 4: (SEM/EDX) of Plant Extract from Wire Croton IJEMT Plate 5: (SEM/EDX) of Plant Extract from Neem Seed Plate 6: SEM/EDX Image of Mild Steel in Blended Neem Seed/ Wire Croton Solution after 9hrs of Immersion at 298k Plate 7: SEM/EDX Image of Mild Steel in Salt Water Solution after 9hrs of Immersion at 298k IJEMT Plate 8: SEM/EDX Image of Mild Steel Fresh Water Solution After 9hrs of Immersion at 298k Extensive researches on green inhibitors have established molecular phytochemicals components capability in corrosion rate inhibition of metal samples in contact with corrosive environments. These researches have shown that these molecules and hence functional groups are capable of inhibiting the rate at which corrosion takes place on metal surfaces in salt water and fresh Water media where the use of metals and other substances that rust or corrode as posited by Izionwuru et al., 2021 and Oguzie et al., 2013 4.0 Conclusion The Neem seed and wire croton extracts were successfully prepared and characterized, revealing the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins. Characterization results confirmed that neem seed extract contained relatively higher concentrations of active constituents, indicating stronger potential for metal surface adsorption and corrosion inhibition. This trend confirmed the strong influence of chloride ions on metal dissolution and established salt as the most aggressive test environment. The results indicated that both extracts suppressed corrosion by forming protective films on the steel surface, thereby reducing metal dissolution over the exposure period. Comparative analysis demonstrated that neem seed extract consistently outperformed wire croton across all media, and this higher performance was attributed to its richer phytochemical composition and stronger adsorption capability on the mild steel surface. Results confirmed that both extracts are eco-friendly, biodegradable, and non-toxic, with low production costs due to simple extraction and local availability. Surface characterization results showed that mild steel samples treated with blended inhibitors exhibited smoother surfaces with minimal pitting and corrosion damage. Also, in comparison with uninhibited samples, the blended extracts provided improved surface coverage, indicating enhanced protective film formation. 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