References
Abusharaf, R. M. (2001). Virtuous cuts: Female genital circumcision in an African ontology. Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 12(1). Abusharaf, R. M. (2006). Female Genital Cutting: The Beginning of the End. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia. ActionAid. (2018). Ending female genital mutilation in Kenya: Community empowerment strategies. Nairobi: ActionAid International. Ahmadu, F. (2000). Rites and wrongs: An insider/outsider reflects. In B. Shell Duncan & Y. Hernlund (Eds.), Female “circumcision” in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change 283. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Behrendt, A., & Moritz, S. (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after female genital mutilation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(5), Berg, R. C., & Denison, E. (2012). Does female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) affect women’s sexual functioning? A systematic review of the sexual consequences of FGM/C. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 9(1), 41–56. _________. (2013). A tradition in transition: Factors perpetuating and hindering the continuance of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) summarized in a systematic review. Health Care for Women International, 34(10). Berg, R. C., & Underland, V. (2013). The obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology International, 2013(1), 496564. Bourdieu, P. (2001). Masculine domination. Stanford University Press. Boyden, J. T. A., Pankhurst, A., Tafere, Y., & Draft, F. (2011). Harmful traditional practices and child protection: Contested understandings and customs of female early marriage and genital cutting in Ethiopia. Available at: View. Diop, N. J., Faye, M., & Moreau, A. (2004). The Tostan program: Community-based education to end female genital cutting in Senegal. Studies in Family Planning, 35(4), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2004.00025. Doehring, C. (2014). The practice of pastoral care: A postmodern approach. Presbyterian Publishing Corp. Estep, J. R., Anthony, M., & Allison, G. (2008). A theology for Christian education. B&H Publishing Group. Freire, P. (2009). From pedagogy of the oppressed. Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts, 2(2). Genital, F. (2016). Mutilation/cutting: A global concern. UNICEF. Gruenbaum, E. (2001). The female circumcision controversy: An anthropological perspective. University of Pennsylvania Press. Hosken, F. P. (1979). The Hosken report: Genital and sexual mutilation of females. Women’s International Network. Johnson, E. A. (2002). She who is: The mystery of God in feminist theological discourse. Crossroad. USA. Keating, T. (2002). Open mind, open heart: The contemplative dimension of the Gospel. A&C Black. Knipscheer, J., Vloeberghs, E., van der Kwaak, A., & van den Muijsenbergh, M. (2015). Mental health problems associated with female genital mutilation. BJPsych Bulletin, 39(6), Luoga, P., Paulo, H. A., Mbishi, J. V., Omary, H., Chombo, S., Andrew, J., ... & Addo, I. Y. (2025). Prevalence and determinants of female genital mutilation: Current insights from ten at-risk countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health, 25(1). Mackie, G. (2000). Female genital cutting: The beginning of the end. In B. Shell-Duncan & P-ISSN 2695-219X Y. Hernlund (Eds.), Female “circumcision” in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Mackie, G., & LeJeune, J. (2009). Social dynamics of abandonment of harmful practices. Mohanty, C. (1988). Under Western eyes: Feminist scholarship and colonial discourses. Feminist Review, 30(1). Nnaemeka, O. (2005). Female circumcision and the politics of knowledge: African women in imperialist discourses. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. Oduyoye, M.A. (2001). Introducing African women's theology (Vol. 6). A&C Black. Osmer, R. R. (2008). Practical theology: An introduction. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. Pandey, G., Chopra, H., Bano, T., Jain, S., & Singh, G. (2024). Satisfaction of mothers with supplementary nutritional services through Anganwadi centres in an urban area of Meerut, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 13(8). Richard A. Shweder (2009) The Female Genital Mutilation Reader. W. W, Northon & Company. New York. Ruether, R. Rosemary. (1993). Sexism and God talk: Toward a feminist theology. Toronto: Beacon Press. Shell-Duncan, B., & Hernlund, Y. (Eds.). (2000). Female “circumcision” in Africa: Culture, controversy, and change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. Shell-Duncan, B., Naik, R., & Feldman-Jacobs, C. (2016). A state-of-the-art synthesis on female genital mutilation/cutting: What do we know now? Swinton, J. (2000). Resurrecting the person: Friendship and the care of people with mental health problems. Abingdon Press. Swinton, J., & Mowat, H. (2016). Practical theology and qualitative research (2nd ed.). SCM Press. Unicef. (2016). Female genital mutilation/cutting: A global concern. UNICEF's Data Work on FGM/C. Unicef. United Nations Children's Fund. (2016). Female genital mutilation/cutting: A global concern. UNICEF. World Health Organization . (2020). Female genital mutilation: Key facts. WHO. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact- sheets/detail/female-genital-mutilation (1O.9.2025).