Translational Sputter Deposition: A Conceptual Model for Technology Transfer of CDTE Solar Manufacturing to Emerging Economies
Abstract
The global energy transition has made photovoltaics (PV) the cheapest source of new electricity in much of the world, yet the manufacturing capacity that produces solar modules remains extraordinarily concentrated, with a single country accounting for more than 80% of every major step of the crystalline-silicon value chain. This concentration exposes emerging economies to supply, price and geopolitical risk precisely as they attempt to electrify and decarbonise. Cadmium telluride thin-film PV—the only commercially significant non-silicon technology at scale— offers a distinct manufacturing paradigm characterised by short, highly automated deposition lines, comparatively low embodied energy and lower per-gigawatt capital intensity, but its transfer to new industrial contexts has been poorly theorised. This conceptual paper develops “Translational Sputter Deposition” , a staged model that treats sputter deposition of thin- film layers not merely as a unit process but as a transferability lever around which absorptive capacity, technological capability accumulation and national innovation-system enablers can be organised. Drawing together the materials-and-manufacturing engineering literature on CdTe device architecture and sputtered layers (transparent conducting oxides, oxygenated window layers and back-contact stacks) with the technology-management and development-studies traditions of absorptive capacity, technological accumulation and appropriate technology, the model articulates four stages—source-context capability, adaptation, local assimilation and diffusion—linked by explicit enabling factors. We interrogate contextual enablers and barriers (capital, workforce, tellurium and glass supply chains, power quality, standards, intellectual property, finance and local-content policy) and apply the framework through illustrative scenarios for India, Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America grounded in reported data. The paper contributes a bridging vocabulary between process engineering and development policy, and offers propositions and a research agenda for empirically testing manufacturing technology transfer in capital-intensive clean-energy industries.
Keywords
cadmium telluride photovoltaics; sputter deposition; technology transfer; absorptive capacity; thin-film manufacturing; emerging economies; local content policy; energy transition
References
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