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Reviewing Compliance Frameworks for Technology Transfers Between Developed and Emerging Markets in An Era of Export Controls and Sanctions

Blessing Chika Jones, Michael Ominyi

Abstract

International technology transfer has long been recognized as a central channel through which emerging markets acquire the productive capabilities needed for industrial upgrading and sustained economic growth. Over the past decade, however, the policy environment surrounding cross-border flows of technology has been transformed by the resurgence of export controls, targeted sanctions, and broader instruments of economic statecraft. Firms, universities, and financial institutions that move goods, software, technical data, and know-how between developed and emerging markets now operate within an increasingly dense and extraterritorial web of legal obligations. This paper reviews the scholarly and policy literature on compliance frameworks governing such transfers, tracing the evolution of multilateral and national control regimes, mapping the contemporary regulatory architecture, and synthesizing what is known about the design and effectiveness of internal compliance programs, sanctions screening, and proliferation financing controls. Particular attention is paid to emerging markets, where capacity constraints, developmental priorities, and the pursuit of technological catch-up interact with externally imposed control obligations. The review identifies persistent tensions between security-oriented restriction and development-oriented diffusion, documents significant gaps in empirical knowledge about compliance costs and outcomes, and proposes an agenda for future research that treats compliance not merely as a legal burden but as an institutional capability with strategic consequences for firms and states alike.

Keywords

technology transferexport controlssanctionscompliance frameworksemerging marketsdual-use goodseconomic statecraft

References

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