Distributed Leadership and Organizational Resilience of Aviation Agencies in South-South, Nigeria

Adewale, A. A. (2022). Infrastructure deficit and operational inefficiencies in Nigerian airports: A critical analysis. Journal of Air Transport Studies, 13(1), 45-62. Agu, C. (2021). Navigational aid failure and aviation safety in Nigeria: A case study of the Nigerian Airspace Management Agency. Nigerian Journal of Engineering and Aviation Technology, 4(2), 18-31. Ahmed, E. M. (2022). Leadership strategy and organisational resilience among Kenyan listed banks. International Journal of Business Ecosystem & Strategy, 4(4), 50-68. Akangbe, J. A., Komolafe, S. E., Ajibola, B. O., & Abdul-Karim, I. F. (2014). An assessment of agricultural cooperative's leadership style in Ilorin West Local Government Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. Production Agrculture and Technology , 10(2), 193-202. Akhtar, S., Shah, S. W. A., Rafiq, M., & Khan, A. (2016). Research design and statistical methods in Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences . Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(1), 151. Ali, H. M., & Yangaiya, S. A. (2015). Investigating the influence of distributed leadership on school effectiveness: A mediating role of teachers' commitment. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5(1), 163-174. Amelia, R., & Kusmaningtyas, A. (2023). Supportive leadership and employee well-being: A moderating role of job resources. International Journal of Organizational Behavior Studies, 14(2), 45--61. Argyris, C., & Schön, D. A. (1978). Organizational learning: A theory of action perspective. Addison-Wesley. Asenahabi, B. M. (2019). Basics of research design: A guide to selecting appropriate research design. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Researches, 6(5), 76-89. Asika, N. (1991). Research methodology in the behavioural sciences. Longman Nigeria Plc. Bouaziz, F., & Smaoui Hachicha, Z. (2018). Strategic human resource management practices and organizational resilience. Journal of Management Development, 37(7), 537-551. Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2011). Business research methods (3rd ed.). Oxford. Burnard, K., & Bhamra, R. (2011). Organisational resilience: Development of a conceptual framework for organisational responses. International Journal of Production Research, 49(18), 5581--5599. Burnard, K., Bhamra, R., & Tsinopoulos, C. (2018). Building organizational resilience: Four configurations. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 65(3), 351-362. Chikeleze, F. O., & Don-Egesimba, I. (2020). Implications of employee participation in decision making for the performance of local government administration in Nigeria: A survey of selected local governments in Enugu state. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 8(4), 33-52. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed.). McGraw- Hill/Irwin. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE. Daft, R. L. (2005). The leadership experience. (3rd Ed). Toronto: Thompson South Western. E-ISSN 2504-883X P-ISSN 2695 2432 Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: A capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13(1), 215‐246. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7>. Eze, S. C., Bello, A. O., & Adekola, T. A. (2017). The effects of organizational structure on the performance of organizations. European Journal of Business and Innovation Research, 5(6), 46-62. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Gefen, D., & Straub, D. (2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16, 91-109. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage, Thousand Oaks. Harris, A. (2008). Distributed leadership: According to the evidence. J. Educ. Admin., 46, 172-- 188. doi:10.1108/09578230810863253. Hillmann, J., & Guenther, E. (2021). Organizational resilience: A valuable construct for management research? Int J Manag Rev., 23 (1), 7--44. doi:10.1111/ijmr.12239. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(2), 195-204. Iwenjor, G. (2023). International aviation safety audits and regulatory compliance in Nigeria: The quest for a resilient civil aviation authority. African Journal of Governance and Development, 12(1), 89-107. Kantabutra, S., & Ketprapakorn, N. (2021). Toward an organizational theory of resilience: An interim struggle. Sustainability, 13(23), 13137. Kantur, D., & Say, A. I. (2015). Measuring organizational resilience: A scale development. Journal of Business, Economics & Finance, 4(3), 456--472. Khalid, A., Murtaza, G., Zafar, A., Zafar, M. A., Saqib, L., & Mushtaq, R. (2012). Role of supportive leadership as a moderator between job stress and job performance. Information Management and Business Review, 4(9), 487. Khoshlahna, M., Ardabilia, F. (2016). The role of organizational agility and transformational leadership in service recovery prediction, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230, 144. Kimberlin, C. L., & Winterstein, A. G. (2008). Validity and reliability of measurement instruments used in research. American journal of health-system pharmacy, 65(23), 2276-2284. Knoll, B., & Vogel, R. (2009). Structural robustness and failure mechanisms of reinforced concrete structures. Engineering Structures, 31(8), 1803--1810. Koech, E. K., & Obuba, R. O. (2024). Impact of organizational structure on the implementation of government funded projects at Kenya ports authority. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 22(03), 1991--1999. Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology: A step by step guide for beginners (3^rd^ ed.). SAGE. Lengnick-Hall, C. A., Beck, T. E., & Lengnick-Hall, M. L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev., 21, 243--255. Ma, F. (2008). Harmonious cooperation in the leading group. <https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672- 9951.2008.01.017>. E-ISSN 2504-883X P-ISSN 2695 2432 Mama, C. K., & Alagah, K. A. (2020). Corporate foresight and organisational resilience of oil and gas companies in Nigeria. International Academic Journal of Management and Marketing, 6(5), 21-31. MacBeath, J. (2005). Leadership as distributed: A matter of practice. Sch. Leadersh. Manag. 25, 349--366. doi:10.1080/13634230500197165. Micskei, Z., Madeira, H., Avritzer, A., Majzik, I., Vieira, M., & Antunes, N. (2012). Robustness testing techniques and tools (pp. 323--339). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29032-9_16>. Mithani, M. (2020). Adaptation in the face of the new normal. Academy of Management Perspectives, 34(4), 508--530. Mwaisaka, D. M., Prof. K'Aol, G., & Ouma, C. (2019). Influence of supportive leadership style on employee job satisfaction in commercial banks in Kenya. Journal of Human Resource and Leadership, 4 (1), 44 - 66. National Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Nigerian gross domestic product report: Q2 2022. National Bureau of Statistics. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and practice (6th ed.). Sage Publications. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Nwabuatu, C. (2024). Adaptability and resilience in organizational performance: The mediating role of learning culture. Nigerian Journal of Management Studies, 12(1), 45--59. Olatunji, F., Nwachukwu, C., Worlu, R., Ogunnaike, O., & Abimbola, A. (2017). Empirical assessment of the link between participatory decision-making and firm performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 16 (4), 285--304. Olatunji, O. S., & Ayo, F. O. (2020). Leadership style and organizational performance in the Nigerian public sector: A study of selected aviation agencies. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 8(4), 1-15. Oloo, P. A., & Orwar, B. H. (2016). Influence of participatory decision making of junior staff at the retail markets in Kenya. An empirical study of Uchumi Supermarket in Nairobi. International Journal of Education and Research, 4(2), 1-18. Oseghale, B. D., & Ogunbona, G. A. (2021). Cybersecurity threats and the resilience of critical national infrastructure: A focus on the Nigerian aviation sector. Journal of Cybersecurity and Technology, 5(2), 55-70. Osei, S., Yaw, J., Quansah, D., & Aboagye, D. (2025). Ghanaian headteachers\' and teachers perspectives on distributed leadership practices in schools: A Phenomenological Inquiry. British Journal of Contemporary Education, 5(1), 76-92. DOI:10.52589/BJCE- TJRUMF91. Oyelude, A. (2025). Assessment of effect of leadership support on employee resilience in manufacturing settings: A case study of Nigeria Flour Mills PLC. Novia University of Applied Sciences Industrial Management and Engineering, 1-46. Park, Y. (2011). The dynamics of opportunity and threat management in turbulent environments: The role information technologies. Doctor Dissertation. Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2006). Refining individualized consideration: Distinguishing developmental leadership and supportive leadership. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 79(1), 37-61. Renani, G. A., Ghaderi, B., & Mahmoudi, O. (2017). The impact of organizational structure on the effectiveness of communication from the perspective of employees in the department E-ISSN 2504-883X P-ISSN 2695 2432 of education. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 4(10), 989-1001. Rifai, A. A. (2020). The strategic contribution of human resource management in promoting the enhancement of organizational capability quality in the era of the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0): Manajemen Pemasaran. Ekonomedia, 9(02), 73--84. Riquelme, I. M., Pons, S. B., & Ramon, M. R. R. (2022). Resilience: Conceptualization and keys to its promotion in educational centers. Children, 9(8), 1183. <https://doi.org/10.3390/children9081183>. Salkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of research design. SAGE Publications. Sarantakos, S. (1998). Surveys: mail questionnaires. In Social research (pp. 223-245). Palgrave. Sekaran, U. (2003). Research methods for business: A skill-building approach (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. Somekh, B., & Lewin, C. (2004). Research methods in the social sciences. SAGE. Suleiman-Hakeem, A. I., & Onuoha, B. C. (2021). Organizational resilience and volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment of firms in Port Harcourt Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Studies, 8 (7), 44-52. Sullivan-Taylor, B., & Wilson, D. C. (2009). Managing the threat of terrorism in British travel and leisure organizations. Organization Studies, 30(2-3), 251-276. Tannenbaum, S. I., & Salas, E. (2020). Cooperation. <https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190056964.003.0005>. Theyel, G., & Hofmann, K. H. (2020). Manufacturing location decisions and organizational agility. Multinational Business Review. Ting, L. M., Tahir, L. M., & Hassan, R. (2024). Principals\' distributed leadership toward middle leaders\' organizational commitment in primary schools in Johor. Pakistan Journal of Life & Social Sciences, 22(2). Ugwu, K. E., Okoroji, L. I., & Chukwu, E. O. (2018). Participative decision making and employee performance in the hospitality industry: A study of selected hotels in Owerri Metropolis, Imo State. Management Studies and Economic Systems , 4(1), 57-70. Wang, C., & Pham, L. (2012). Resilience and robustness. 114. <https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=026237779546421;res=IELENG >. Warrens, M. J. (2015). A comparison of reliability coefficients for psychometric tests that consist of two parts. Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, 1--14.