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Power Electronics and Energy Efficiency in Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Devices, Converter Topologies, and System Level Practice

Oreoluwa Michael Adenuga

Abstract

Power electronics has become the connective tissue of the modern energy system: the technology through which renewable generation reaches the grid, motors meet their loads, vehicles charge, data centers draw power, and an increasing share of all electricity is processed at least once between generation and use. Because conversion is now pervasive, converter efficiency and intelligence have become system level determinants of how much primary energy the economy requires. This review synthesizes the research literature across that full chain. It begins with power semiconductor devices and the wide bandgap transition, through which silicon carbide and gallium nitride are rewriting the loss, frequency, and thermal envelopes of conversion. It then consolidates the converter canon: modelling and modulation foundations; rectification, power factor correction, and power quality; multilevel and high-power conversion; and the grid connected converter and maximum power point tracking literatures through which renewable generation is integrated. Distribution facing conversion is reviewed through solid state transformation and direct current delivery, and the demand side through electric machines and transport electrification, which together dominate global electricity use. Cross cutting sections examine converter reliability and prognostics, system level efficiency and intelligent energy management, and the deployment realities of developing regions, where conversion efficiency compounds with weak grids and constrained supply. The synthesis identifies a consistent trajectory, conversion becoming more efficient, more distributed, and more intelligent simultaneously, and closes with research gaps in regionally validated efficiency evidence, reliability data for harsh environments, and benchmark practice for learned energy management.

Keywords

power electronics; energy efficiency; wide bandgap devices; converter topologies; multilevel converters; renewable integration; solid state transformer; motor drives; reliability; energy management; r

References

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