Assessment of Psychosocial Determinants of Recidivism Among Incarcerated Youths with a History of Substance Use in Northern Nigeria

Abstract

Recidivism among youths with substance use history represents a significant challenge to criminal justice systems. This study assesses the psychosocial determinants of recidivism among incarcerated youths with substance use history in Northern Nigeria, examining how psychological factors (depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, substance craving) and social factors (family support, peer influence, stigma) contribute to reoffending risk. Grounded in Social Learning Theory and the Stress Process Model, the study employs a mixed methods design involving 300 incarcerated youths aged 18 to 30 years across five correctional facilities in Kano, Kaduna, and Plateau States. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews, analyzed using descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and thematic analysis. Findings reveal near universal substance use, with cannabis (82 percent), alcohol (70 percent), and tramadol (68 percent) most common. Psychological distress, particularly depression and anxiety, significantly predicts recidivism risk. Social factors, especially criminal peer influence (OR = 1.71) and weak family support (OR = 1.51), show stronger effects. Significant gaps in rehabilitation programming were identified, including limited mental health services, inadequate substance use treatment, and weak transition planning. The study concludes that recidivism among youths with substance use history is determined by a complex interplay of psychological vulnerabilities and social disadvantages not adequately addressed by current correctional approaches. Recommendations include integrating mental health and substance use treatment into correctional programming, strengthening family engagement, establishing community-based re-entry support, reducing stigma through public education, and training staff in trauma informed approaches.

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