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Graphene for Advanced Electronics: A Review of Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Adebayo, Samuel, Babatola, Babatunde Keji, Abiona, Mujidat Ayobami, Olushola, Ebenezer Olawatobi, Adeyemi Abiola Adeola.

Abstract

Graphene, a two-dimensional allotrope of carbon, has emerged as a transformative material in the field of electronics due to its exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements in graphene-based electronic devices, spanning from fundamental material properties and synthesis techniques to diverse applications and future prospects. We critically examine the unique electronic band structure of graphene, which enables ultra-high carrier mobility and ballistic transport, making it an ideal candidate for high-speed and energy-efficient electronic components. Recent developments in scalable synthesis methods, including mechanochemical exfoliation and laser- induced graphene techniques, are discussed in detail, highlighting their role in overcoming production challenges. The article delves into various applications, such as high- performance field-effect transistors for biosensing and neural interfacing, flexible and transparent electronics, and advanced thermal management systems. A comparative analysis of existing studies identifies key research gaps, emerging trends, and controversies. Furthermore, we address the significant challenges hindering the widespread adoption of graphene electronics, including bandgap engineering, defect control, and seamless integration with conventional semiconductor technologies. Finally, we offer future perspectives on the trajectory of graphene research, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize next-generation electronic devices, point-of-care diagnostics, and sustainable energy solutions. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and engineers, fostering further innovation in the rapidly evolving landscape of graphene electronics.

Keywords

Graphene; Two-dimensional materials; Electronics; Field-effect transistors; Biosensors; Flexible electronics; Thermal management; Review; Nanomaterials; Advanced materials

References

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