References
Abdurrahman, S. (2015). Effect of cooperative learning strategies on students’ academic achievement in Biology. Journal of Science Education Research, 6(2), 45–53. Abimbola, I. O. (2013). Issues in science education in Nigeria. Ilorin Journal of Education, 33(1), 1–10. Afolabi, F., & Akinbobola, A. O. (2019). Effect of instructional strategies on students’ achievement in Biology. International Journal of Science Education, 11(2), 67–78. Aina, J. K., & Langenhoven, K. (2015). Teaching and learning strategies in science education. African Journal of Educational Studies, 9(1), 23–34. Akanbi, A. O., & Kolawole, E. B. (2014). Effects of instructional strategies on students’ performance in Biology. Journal of Educational Research and Development, 9(3), 112– 121. Akinnubi, O. P. (2014). Gender differences and students’ achievement in Biology. Journal of Science Education and Practice, 5(1), 55–63. Al-Rawi (2019). Teaching methodology and its effects on quality learning. Journal of Education and Practice, 4 (6), 100 - 105. Augustine, M. C. (2018). Toward enhancing students’ performance and attitude towards secondary two students’ achievement in biology. Unpublished Master’s Thesis Department of Science Education, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Bamidele, A. A., & Oloyede, O. I. (2019). Effects of Think-Pair-Share strategy on students’ achievement in Biology. Journal of Educational Advancement, 12(2), 88–97. Bello, A. O., & Aina, J. K. (2022). Effect of cooperative learning strategies on students’ achievement in Biology. Nigerian Journal of Curriculum Studies, 29(1), 101–110. Chukwu, J. C., & Madu, B. C. (2022). Think-Pair-Share strategy and students’ achievement in science subjects. Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 14(2), 55–66. Eya, P. E., & Okenyi, C. S. (2020). Factors influencing students’ achievement in Biology. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 55(2), 70–82. Ezeh, D. N., & Nwankwo, I. N. (2021). Cooperative learning strategies and academic achievement in Biology. International Journal of Educational Research, 8(1), 44–58. Fasakin, P.J. (2012). Effects of everyday phenomena on students’ achievement, attitude and practical skills in physics. Unpublished master dissertation University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2014). National policy on education (6th ed.). NERDC Press. Fernando, S., & Marikar, F. (2017). Constructivism in education: Theory and practice. International Journal of Instructional Studies, 10(1), 1–12. Garba, M. S., & Hassan, A. (2023). Gender differences in students’ academic achievement in Biology. Journal of Science Education in Africa, 11(1), 33–42. Ibrahim, S., & Usman, H. (2024). Effects of Think-Pair-Share on students’ achievement in science. International Journal of Innovative Education Research, 15(1), 90–102. Kola, A. J., & Sunday, O. S. (2020). Learner-centred instruction and students’ achievement in science. Journal of Educational Development, 13(3), 77–85. Mohammed, Y., & Ahmed, R. (2025). Effect of Think-Pair-Share on academic achievement of secondary school students. Journal of Contemporary Science Education, 18(1), 12–25. Nnamani, S. C., Dikko, H., & Kawu, I. (2021). Cooperative learning strategies and students’ academic performance in science. African Journal of Science Education, 9(2), 45–59. Nnorom, C. C. (2020). Gender and academic achievement in Biology using cooperative methods. Journal of Educational Measurement, 7(2), 66–74. P-ISSN 2695-222X Okeke, E. A., & Egbo, J. O. (2019). Gender issues in science education and students’ achievement. Journal of Educational Research, 14(1), 29–40. Okoronka, A. U. (2018). Difficult concepts in Biology and students’ performance. Journal of Science Teaching, 6(2), 40–50. Omorogbe, E., & Awansiha, J. C. (2013). The challenge of effective science teaching in Nigerian secondary schools. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies Home 2(7), 6-9. Opara, J. A., & Waswa, M. (2020). Students’ achievement in Biology in external examinations. West African Journal of Education, 41(2), 88–97. Samba, M. O., & Eriba, J. O. (2014). Cooperative learning and students’ participation in science classrooms. Journal of Educational Practice, 5(3), 100–108. Samba, R.M.O. & Eriba, J.O. (2014). Background information on teaching difficult science concepts. In Samba, R. M. O. & Eriba, J.O. . Innovative approaches in teaching difficult science concepts ( pp. 1 - 5 ) Makurdi, Nigeria: Destiny Ventures. Singh, Y.G. (2015). Academic and study habits of higher secondary students. International Referred Research Journal, 2(27), 2-9 Uchegbu, C. C., & Nwoke, B. I. (2021). Abstract concepts in Biology and learning difficulties. Journal of Science Education Review, 10(1), 58–70. West African Examination Council (WAEC, 2012-2020). Chief Examiners Reports Lagos: WAEC. West African Examinations Council . (2021). Chief Examiners’ Report for Biology. WAEC Press. Yusuf, M. A., & Adigun, O. T. (2015). Gender differences in students’ academic performance. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 5(1), 75–82. Yusuf, M. A., Gambari, A. I., & Olumorin, C. O. (2019). Effects of instructional strategies on students’ achievement in Biology. Journal of Science Education Research, 13(2), 99–110.