International Legal Framework for the Protection Against Sexual Harassment: Lessons for Nigeria

Abstract

Sexual harassment in the workplace constitutes a profound violation of human dignity, equality, and fundamental labour rights. It reflects unequal power relations that are often reinforced by structural, cultural, and institutional factors, making it not merely an individual workplace grievance but a systemic form of gender-based violence and discrimination. Over the past decades, international law has progressively evolved to recognize sexual harassment as a serious human rights concern requiring comprehensive legal, institutional, and preventive responses. This evolution marks a shift from narrow disciplinary approaches to broader frameworks that emphasize prevention, accountability, and the creation of safe and inclusive working environments. This article critically examines the international legal framework governing protection against workplace sexual harassment, with particular focus on instruments developed under the United Nations and the International Labour Organization, It explores key normative instruments, including CEDAW and ILO Convention No. 190, as well as related labour and human rights standards that collectively establish obligations for states to prohibit harassment, ensure effective remedies, and promote workplace equality. The article interrogates the normative content of these instruments and evaluates their relevance and applicability within the Nigerian legal context. It further argues that despite Nigeria’s participation in key international regimes and its commitment to gender equality at the international level, significant domestic challenges persist. These include a fragmented and inconsistent legal framework, and weak enforcement mechanisms that undermine practical protection for victims. Cultural stigma, underreporting, and limited institutional capacity further exacerbate these challenges. Drawing on comparative insights and international best practices, the article proposes comprehensive reforms aimed at bridging the gap between international standards and domestic implementation. Ultimately, the article contends that meaningful protection against workplace sexual harassment in Nigeria can only be achieved through an integrated approach that aligns legal frameworks, institutional capacity, and social norms with evolving global standards.

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