Effects of Welding Parameters on the Mechanical Properties and Micro- Structure of HSLA Pipeline Steel Butt Fusion Welds

Agocs, E. and Attota, R. K. (2018). Enhancing optical microscopy illumination to enable quantitative imaging, Scientific Reports, 8: 1–9. Andia, J. L. M., de Souza, L. F. G. and Bott, I. S. (2014). Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of the Intercritically Reheated Coarse Grained Heat Affected Zone (ICCGHAZ) of an API 5L X80 Pipeline Steel. Materials Science Forum, 783-786: 657–662. API 1104. (2021). Welding of pipelines and related facilities (22nd ed.). American Petroleum Institute. API, (1999). API 1104 Field welding pipelines and related facilities. Washington, DC: American Petroleum Institute, p70. ASTM Standard G31-72( 2004). Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals. ASTM International, West Conshohocken. ASTM92-17, (2017). Standard Test Methods for Vickers Hardness and Knoop Hardness of Metallic Materials. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, pp. 1–27. Broitman, E. (2017). Indentation hardness measurements at macro-, micro-, and nanoscale: A critical overview. Tribology Letters, 65(1): 1–18. BS, (1996). BS 4515 Specification for welding of steel pipelines on land and offshore. London: British Standards Institute, p32. Calderón, L., Bohórquez, O., Rojas, M. A. and Pertuz, A. (2021). Experimental relationship of tensile strength and hardness of welded structural steel. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, p5. Chen, H., Zhang, B. and Fuhlbrigge, T. (2019). Welding Process Optimization Methods: A Review. In: Chen, S., Zhang, Y., Feng, Z. Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing. Transactions on Intelligent Welding Manufacturing. Springer, Singapore, p167. Chen, Y., Xie, Y., Wang, W. and Li, J. (2022). Failure analysis of weld cracking of gas gathering pipeline in dewatering station. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69(94): 1 – 26. Cheng, S., Stefan, L., Erich, M., Matthias, M. and Dagmar, G. (2020). Versatile application of a modern scanning electron microscope for materials characterization. Journal of Material Science, 55:13824 – 13835. Cui, S., Tian, F., Ma, R., Yu, Y. and Xu L. (2023). Study on the morphology, microstructure, and properties of 6082-T6 aluminum alloy joints in MIG welding. Metals, 13(7):1245 - 53. Deng, D., Chen, R., Sun, Q. and Li, X. (2015). Microstructural study of 17-4PH stainless steel after plasma-transferred arc welding. Materials, 8: 424-434. Grzybicki, M. and Jakubowski, J. (2013). Comparative tests of steel car body sheet welds made using CMT and MIG/MAG methods. Welding International, 27(8): 610–615. Huang, L. Y., Guan, K. S., Xu, T., Zhang, J. M. and Wang, Q. Q. (2019). Investigation of the mechanical properties of steel using instrumented indentation test with simulated annealing particle swarm optimization. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 102: 116–121. Hyun-Seop, S., Ki-Tae, P., Chin-Hyung, L., Kyong-Ho, C, and Vuong, N. V. D. (2015). Low temperature impact toughness of structural steel welds with different welding processes. Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(5):1431-1437. Ibitoye, F. I. (2014). Ending natural gas flaring in Nigeria’s oilfields. Journal of Sustainable Development, 7(3): 13 - 26. ISO 14577, (2002). Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method,” vol. 3, no. 1. International Organization for Standardization. Switzerland. IJEMT ISO 5817:2008-03: Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections. ISO 6520-1:2007: Welding and allied processes. Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials. Part 1: Fusion welding. ISO 8407 Standard (2009). Corrosion of Metals and Alloys—Removal of Corrosion Products from Corrosion Test Specimens. International Organization for Standardization. Switzerland. ISO 9227: 2012-05. Corrosion Tests in Artificial Atmospheres—Salt Spray Tests. International Organization for Standardization. Switzerland, p26. Jorge, C. F. J., Carlos, F. J., Joel, L. D. M., Antonio, J. C. G., Ivani, S. B., Luís, F. G. S., Matheus, C. M. and Leonardo, S. A. (2019). Influence of welding procedure and PWHT on HSLA steel weld metals. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(1): 561 – 571. Kou, S. (2003). Welding metallurgy (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. Lan, L. Y., Qiu, C. L. and Zhao, D. W. (2011). Analysis of the hardness and elastic modulus distribution in a high strength steel welded joint by nanoindentation. Advanced Materials Research, 189-193: 3270–3273. Lancaster, J. F. (1999). Metallurgy of welding (6th ed.). Woodhead Publishing. Li, X., Chen, Y., Hao, B., Han, Y., Chu, Y. and Zhang, J. (2021). The microstructure and microscopic mechanical performance of welded joint for 9%Ni steel using nickel-based filler metal. Materials Research, 24(5): 1 – 10. Lindén, O. and Pålsson J. (2013). Oil contamination in Ogoni land, Niger Delta. Springer: Ambio, 42(6): 685 - 701. Liu, G., Hu, X., Fu, Y. and Li, Y. (2017). Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrasonic welded joint of 1060 aluminum alloy and T2 pure copper. Metals, 7(9): 361-375. López-Martínez, E., Vázquez-Gómez, O., Vergara-Hernández, H. J., Serna, S. and Campillo, B. (2016). Mechanical characterization of the welding of two experimental HSLA steels by microhardness and nanoindentation tests. Metals and Materials International, 22(6): 987– 994. Mamat, M. F., Hamzah, E., Ibrahim, Z., Rohah, A. M. and Bahador, A. (2015). Effect of filler metals on the microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar low carbon steel and 316L stainless steel welded joints. Materials Science Forum, 819: 57-62. Mičian. M., Frátrik, M. and Kajánek, D. (2021). Influence of welding parameters and filler material on the mechanical properties of HSLA steel S960MC welded joints. Metals, 11(2):305 Miletić, I., Ilić, A., Nikolić, R. R., Ulewicz, R., Ivanović, L. and Sczygiol, N. (2020). Analysis of selected properties of welded joints of the HSLA steels. Materials, 13(6): 1 - 12. Moore, P. and Booth, G. (2015). Mechanical Testing of Welds. In: Welding Engineers Guide to Fracture and Fatigue. Moore, P. and Booth, G. (Editors). The Woodhead Publishing, p141. Murphy, D. B. and Davidson, M. W. (2012). Fundamentals of Light Microscopy and Electronic Imaging, 2nd edition. John Wiley and Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, p450. Nazmul, H., James, G., Yuquan, D., Robert, L. and Gerlich, A. P. (2019). Investigation of local tensile strength and ductility properties of an X100 submerged arc seam weld. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 768: 138475 Nguyen, J. N. T. and Harbison, A. M. (2017). Scanning Electron Microscopy Sample Preparation and Imaging (Volu 1606). Humana Press Inc.: Totowa, NJ, USA, p245. IJEMT Oktadinata, H.,Winarto, W. and Eddy, S. S. (2020). Microstructure and impact toughness of flux- cored arc welded SM570-TMC steel at low and high heat input. Materials Science Forum, 991: 3-9. Onotu, C. (2026). Effects of Welding Parameters on the Integrity and Structure of HSLA Pipeline Steel Butt Fusion Welds, a PhD Thesis in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Uyo, Uyo-Nigeria. Osoba, L. O., Ayoola, W. A., Adegbuji, Q. A. and Ajibade, O. A. (2021). Influence of heat inputs on weld profiles and mechanical properties of carbon and stainless steel. Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 18(2): 135 – 143. Ossai, C. I. (2012). Advances in asset management techniques: An overview of corrosion mechanisms and mitigation strategies for oil and gas pipelines. Corrosion, 201: 1–10. Ozlati, A.. and Movahedi, M. (2018). Effect of welding heat-input on tensile strength and fracture location in upset resistance weld of martensitic stainless steel to duplex stainless steel rods. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 35: 517–525. Panin, S. V., Maruschak, P. O., Vlasov, I. V., Moiseenko, D. D., Berto, F. and Vinogradov, A. (2017). Effect of temperature-force factors and concentrator shape on impact fracture mechanisms of 17Mn1Si steel. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 12: 1 - 12. Peng, X. Na., Peng, Y., Wei, J. S. and Tian, Z. L. (2012). Analysis of microstructure and micro mechanical properties for weld joints of 1000MPa class steel by nanoindentation technique. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 217-219: 1987–1993. Pirinen, M., Martikainen, Y., Layus, P. D., Karkhin, V. A. and Ivanov, S. Y. (2015). Effect of heat input on the mechanical properties of welded joints in high-strength steels. Welding International, 1–4(2): 14 – 17. Pratiwi, D. K., Arifin, A. and Mardhi, A. (2023). Afriansyah investigation of welding parameters of dissimilar weld of SS316 and ASTM A36 joint using a grey-based taguchi optimization approach. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 7(39): 1 – 16. Ragu, N. S., Balasubramanian, V., Malarvizhi, S. and Rao, A. G. (2015). Effect of welding processes on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of high strength low alloy naval grade steel joints. Defence Technology, 11(3): 308 – 317. Rehman, K. and Nawaz, F. (2017). Remote Pipeline Monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Communication, Computing and Digital Systems (C-CODE), IEEE: Piscataway, New Jersey: USA. Saluja, J. S., Daga, R., Samir, K. G., Dantya, S. and Das, S. (2015). Investigation on the impact strength of MIG welded mild steel specimen. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology , 4(06): 589 – 591. Samantarya, A., Das, M. K., Khillo, J. K. and Tripathy, S. K. (2016). Investigation of mechanical and welding defect of metal piece welded through ARC and TIG welding. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET), 4(IV): 459 – 463. Sandeep, J., Rahul, C. and Mehta, N. P. (2012). Issues in welding of HSLA steels. Advanced Materials Research, 365: 44 - 49. Sankar, N., Malarvizhi, S. and Balasubramanian, V. (2021). Mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of rotating arc-gas metal arc welded carbon steel joints. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 30: 49–58. IJEMT Shanjeevi, C., Satish, K. S. and Sathiya, P. (2013). Evaluation of mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar materials by friction welding. Procedia Engineering, 64: 1514 – 1523. Spence, J. C. H. (2013). High-Resolution Electron Microscopy; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA. Takahiro, I., Tatsuya, K., Ikuo, S. and Hiroaki, M. (2018). Microstructures and mechanical properties of welded joints of several high tensile strength steel. Materials Science Forum, 941: 224–229. Wagner, J. R., Mount, E. M. and Giles, H. F. (2014). Testing Properties. In: Plastics Design Library, Extrusion (Second Edition). Wagner, J. R., Mount, E. M. and Giles, H. F. (Editors): William Andrew Publishing, p253. Wang, X., Yang, Z. and Du, L. (2023). Research on the microstructure and properties of a flux- cored wire gas-shielded welded joint of A710 low-alloy high-strength steel. Crystals, 13(3): 484 - 495. Wang, Y., Kanna, R., Zhang, L. and Li, L. (2017). Microstructural analysis of the as-welded heat- affected zone of a grade 91 steel heavy section weldment. Welding Journal, 96: 206-s – 219-s. Weisenburger, S. and Sandoghdar, V. (2015). Light microscopy: An ongoing contemporary revolution. Contemporary Physics, 56: 123–143. Xu, L.Y., Yang, J., Wang, R. Z., Wang, Y. N. and Wang, W. L. (2016). Effect of Mg content on the microstructure and toughness of heat-affected zone of steel plate after high heat input welding. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 47(7): 3354 - 3364. Yapp, D. and Blackman, S. A. (2004). Recent Developments in High Productivity Pipeline Welding. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering, XXVI (1): 89-97. Yin, T., Wang, J., Zhao, H., Zhou, L., Xue, Z. and Wang, H. (2022). Research on filling strategy of pipeline multi-layer welding for compound narrow gap groove. Materials, 15, 1 – 11. Yu, X., Arey, B., Chatterjee, S. and Chun, J. (2019). Improving in situ liquid SEM imaging of particles. Surface Interface Analysis, 51: 1325–1331.