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Biological and Genetic Factors Influencing Fish Production in Nigeria

Okeke, P. A, Ohatururonye, S. O, ., Ayaobu-Cookey, I.K, .., Evulobi. O. O. C

Abstract

Aquaculture plays a vital role in food security, employment generation, and economic development in Nigeria. However, the productivity and sustainability of aquaculture systems are strongly influenced by the biological characteristics and genetic composition of cultured fish species. This paper reviews the biological and genetic factors affecting aquaculture production in Nigeria, focusing on major cultured species such as Clarias gariepinus, Oreochromis niloticus, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, and Tilapia guineensis. Biological traits including growth rate, fecundity, environmental tolerance, feeding behaviour, and disease resistance significantly influence aquaculture productivity. Genetic factors such as genetic diversity, selective breeding, hybridization, broodstock management, and molecular genetic technologies also play a critical role in improving fish performance and survival in culture systems. Despite the rapid growth of aquaculture in Nigeria, challenges such as inbreeding depression, poor broodstock management, limited selective breeding programs, and inadequate application of molecular genetic tools continue to hinder productivity. Recent advances in aquaculture genetics, including genomic selection, molecular markers, and biotechnology, offer significant opportunities for improving fish strains and increasing production efficiency. This review highlights the importance of integrating biological knowledge with modern genetic improvement strategies to enhance sustainable aquaculture development in Nigeria.

Keywords

AquacultureFish biologySelective breedingHybridizationGenetic diversityNigeria

References

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