Parasitological Assessment of Fruits and Vegetables in Selected Markets in Port Harcourt Metropolis

Abstract

Fruits and vegetables are vital components of the human diet but may serve as vehicles for the transmission of intestinal parasites, especially in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. This study investigated the prevalence, distribution, and associated risk factors of parasitic contamination in fruits and vegetables sold in ten major markets within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. A total of 550 samples of commonly consumed produce and 110 vendor questionnaires were analyzed. Standard parasitological techniques including sedimentation, flotation, and microscopy were employed for parasite detection, while Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to evaluate associations between contamination and potential risk factors. Parasitic contamination was detected in all surveyed markets, with the highest prevalence observed in Nkpogu (57.4%) and the lowest in Rukpokwu (45.7%), though the variation was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Vegetables (53.5%) exhibited a significantly higher contamination rate than fruits (24.0%) (AOR = 1.89; p = 0.002), indicating that vegetables were nearly twice as likely to be contaminated, likely due to their greater exposure to soil and contaminated irrigation water. Four intestinal parasite species were identified: Strongyloides stercoralis (52.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (20.0%), Hookworm spp. (19.6%), and Trichuris trichiura (7.6%). Analysis of vendor practices revealed that the source of produce, use of clean water, and chemical application were not significantly associated with contamination (p > 0.05). However, vendors who encouraged customers to wash their hands (AOR = 0.46; p = 0.017) and those who displayed produce under transparent coverings (AOR = 0.42; p = 0.028) had significantly reduced odds of contamination. Overall, the findings indicate that parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables in Port Harcourt Metropolis is widespread, representing considerable public health concern. Strengthening market sanitation, promoting hygienic handling and display practices, and improving consumer awareness on proper washing and preparation of fresh produce are essential to mitigate foodborne parasitic infections in the metropolis. Key Words: Parasitic contamination, fresh produce, Port Harcourt Metropolis, public health, prevalence and risk factors.

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