Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Renewable Energy Systems for Energy-Plus Buildings in Poland
Abstract
The European Union’s decarbonization targets necessitate a rapid transformation of the building sector toward net-zero emissions. This study presents a comprehensive techno- economic and environmental assessment of photovoltaic (PV), wind, and hybrid PV–wind systems for energy-plus buildings in six representative Polish cities: Bia?ystok, Katowice, Lublin, Pozna?, Szczecin, and Gda?sk. Using HOMER Pro simulation software, systems were optimized to minimize Levelized Cost of Energy while maximizing renewable fraction. Results indicate that inland cities achieve optimal performance with PV-only systems (LCOE: 0.50–0.60 USD/kWh), whereas coastal cities favor wind-only systems (LCOE: 0.65 USD/kWh) due to higher wind resource availability. Annual greenhouse gas reductions range from 89% to 94%, equivalent to 6.5-7.4 tonnes CO2 per building. Sensitivity analysis confirms the significance of capital cost reductions and financing conditions for economic viability. Policy recommendations include targeted incentives, PV- ready building codes, and grid modernization. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, investors, and engineers aiming to accelerate renewable integration in Poland’s residential sector.
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