Submit your papersSubmit Now
For Enquiries: [email protected]
IIARD LogoIIARD

Synthesis of Biodiesel from African Pear Oil Using Transesterification Process

Opara, Isidore Ugochukwu, Opara, Peterdamian Ifeanyi, Opara, Theodora Chinaza

Abstract

Biodiesel was synthesized from African pear (Dacryodes edulis) oil using catalyst assisted transesterification (one-step) process. The mesocarp and seed were examined for proximate and phytochemical parameters. Oil from both were extracted with n-hexane and subjected to physicochemical analysis. The yield of the oil was 47% and 18% for the mesocarp and seeds respectively. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the oil extracts showed free fatty acid content as palmitic acid 26.4%, stearic acid 24.56%, oleic acid 2.2%, others were 46.83% for the mesocarp while the acid content of the seeds were palmitic acid 38.22%, stearic acid 27.00%, oleic acid 12.30% while others were 32.38%. These African pear oils contain similar level of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The physicochemical properties of the oil indicated Density 0.98±0.08 mg/l, saponification number was 199.2±6.09 mgKOH/g, Acid number was 1.850±0.08 mgKOH/g, and iodine number was 74.98±2.83 mgKOH/g all for the mesocarp. The optimum yield of biodiesel from the mesocarp was 75% at the oil methanol ratio of 1:6 at a temperature of 75oC. The properties of the produced biodiesel were specific gravity 0.89±0.12, kinematic viscosity 2.80±0.14mm2/s, water and sediment 0.020±0.0021%, the acid number 0.15±0.020mgKOH/g, cetane number 63, pour point -13oC, flash point 137oC and sulphur contents 0.02. These values were within standards for commercial petrodiesel. These findings suggest that the oil from the mesocarp of African pear can serve as a raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel which could be an alternate fuel to petrodiesel.

References

Adepoju, T. F., Olawale, O., Okunola, A. A. & Olatunji, E. M. (2021). Solvent extraction of oil from soursop oilseeds & its quality characterization. International Journal of sustainable Energy & Environmental research.3(2), 80-89. Alkabbashi, A. N., Alam, M. Z. & Mirghani, M. E. S. & Al-Fusaiel, A. M. A. (2009). Biodiesel Production from crude palm oil by transesterification process. Journal of Apllied Sciences.9,3166-3170. Bull, O., S & George, D., M., C. (2020). Assessment of fuel properties of Biodiesel obtained From African Pear (Dacryodeseludis) Seeds Oil. International Journal of Advanced Research and Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 2(11), 894-898. Chai, M., Tu, Q., Lu M. & Yang, Y. J. (2020). Esterification pretreatment of free fatty acid in biodiesel production, from laboratory to industry. Fuel Process Technology, 125,106-113 Chen, X., Du, W. & Liu, D. (2008). Response surface optimization of biocatalytic biodiesel Codex Alimentarius. (1999). Codex AlimentariusStandards for Fats & oils from VegetableSources. Section 2. Codex alimentarius Standards for Named Vegetrable oils. Codex Alimentarius- Stan. 210. Elsolh, E. M. N. (2011). The manufacture of biodiesel from the used vegetable oil. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering at Kassel & Cairo Universities for the degree of Master of Science. Esiet, I. U., Obuzor, G. and Horsfall Jnr, M. (2016). Proximate & phytochemical studies of Exudate of Dacryodes Edulis. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences.6(3) 1-9 Fangrui, M. and Milford, A., H. (199). Biodiesel Production: a review. Bioresource Technology 70,7-15. Firth, B. (2014). Biodiesel production in fixed-bed monolithic reactors. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Bath. Fonteh, A. F., Niba, T. A. And Tchoumboue, J. (2005). Physico-chemical properties of the African pear & Black olive from different agro-ecological zones of Cameroon. Fruits, 60(2) 107- 113. Frazier, W. C & Westhoff, D. C (1998). Food Microbiology 4th Ed.Tata McGraw Hill Inc, New York. Gerhard, K., G. (200). Analyzing Biodiesel: Standards & other methods. Journal of American Oil Chemist’s Society. 83 (10) 823-833. Hurrell, F. R. (2003). Influence of vegetable protein sources on trace element & mineral bioavailability. The journal of nutrition. 133(9): 2973-2977 Ibeto, C. N., Ofoefule, A. U. & Ezeugwu, H. C. (2011). Fuel Quality Assessment of Biodiesel Produced from Groundnut Oil (Arachis Hypogea) & its blend with Petroleum Diesel. American Journal of Food Technology. 6(9): 798-803. Ikhuoria, E. U. & Maliki, M. (2007). Characterization of Avocado pear (Persea American) & African pear (Dacryodes edulis) extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology 6 (7): 950-952. kindahunsi, A. A. (2005). Phytochemical screening, nutrient & anti-nutrient composition of selected tropical green leafy vegetables, African Journal of Biotechnology. 4:54-60. Madhu, M., Sailaja, V., Satyadev, T. N. V. S. S & Satyanarayana, M. V. (2016). Quantitative phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plant species by using various organic solvents. Journal of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry.5(2) 25-29. Maitera, O. N., Khan, M., E. & James, T., F. (2011). Phytochemical analysis & the chemotherapeutics of leaves & stembark of Nauclea latifolia grown in Hong, Adamawa State Nigeria. African Journal of Plant Science and Research, 1(3):16-12. Munro, A. and Bassir, O. (1969). Oxalate in Nigerian vegetables West African. Journal of Biology & Applied chemistry 12: 14-18 N’guetta, A. M. N., Digbeu, D. Y., Binaté, S., Kouadio, N. E. P. J., Dabonné, S. & Dué, A. E. 2015). Fatty Acid Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Four Varieties of Citrullus lanatus Seed Oils Cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire. British Biotechnology Journal. 5(3): 140-147 Nwoko, N. E. & Bragg, B. B. (1977). Influence of Phytic acid & crude fibre on the availability of minerals from protein suplements in growing chicks. J. animal Sci. 57:475-477, 1977 Obasi, N. B. B. and Okolie, N. P. (1993), Nutritional constituent of the seed of the African Pear, Dacryodess edulis. Food Chemistry. 46(3) 297-299 Ogoloma, J. U., Npkaa, W. K., Akaninwor, O. J. & Uwakwe, A.A. (2013). Proximate, Phytochemical & Mineral Elements Compositions of Some Edible Fruits Grown in Oil Producing Community of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicolgy & Food Technology. 5(2)38-46 Ogunsuyi HO, Daramola BM (2013). Evaluation of Almond (Prunus amygdalus) Seed Oil as Viable Feedstock for Biodiesel Fuel. International Journal of Biotechnology and Research 1(8): 120-127 Ogunsuyi, H. O. (2012). Acid & Base Catalysed Transesterification of Mango (Mangifera Indica) Seed Oil to Biodiesel. Journal of Applied Chemistry 2(2): 18-22. Ogunsuyi, H., O. (2015). Production of biodiesel using African Pear (Dacryodes edulis) seed-oil as feedstock. Academia Journal of Biotechnology 3(5) 085-092. Omogbai, B. A. & Ojeaburu, S. I. (2010). Nutritional Composition & microbial spoilage of Dacryodes Edulis fruits vended in Southern Nigeria. Science world Journal. 5(4) 510. Onuegbu, N. C. and Ihediohanma, N. C. (2008). Some Proximate Analysis of African Pear (Dacryodes Edulis). Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management.12(1) 83- 85. Osagie, U. A., Muzquiz, M., Burbano, O. C., Cuadado, C., Ayet, G. & Castano, A. (1995). Some antinutritional constituents in ten staple food items grown in Nigeria. Tropical Science. 36.109-115. Pearson D. (1976). The chemical analysis of foods 7th Eden, Churchill Livingstone, London. Prafulla, D. P., Veera, G. G., Harvind, K. R., Tapaswy, M. & Shuguang, D. (2012). Biodiesel production from waste cooking Oil using Sulphuric acid and Microwave irradiation processes. Journal of Environmental Protection, 3, 107-113. Price, R. K., Johnson, I. I. & Fenwick, K. G. (1987). The chemical & Biological significance of saponin in foods and feeding stuffs. CRC. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 26, 27-135. production with acid oil, Biochemical Engineering Journal (40) 423–429. Rashid, U., Farooq, A. & Gerhard, K. (2009). Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Processing Technology. 90(9): 1157-1163. Reddy, R. N. & Shridhar, K.(2001). Food phytates. Boca Raton. CRC. Rethinam P. (2003). New Approaches to Coconut, Oils & Fats. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development.19(2):22-25. Ukoha, O. P., Cemaluk, C. A. E., Nnamdi, L. O & Madus, P. E. (2016). Tannins & other phytochemical of the Samanaea saman pods & their antimicrobial activities.African Journal of Pure & Applied chemistry.5(8), 237-244. US Departmet of Energy. (2004). Biodiesel: Handling & use guidelines. Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, United States Department of Energy. Viol, I., D. (200). Screening of traditional medicinal plants from Zimbabwe for phytochemistry, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral & toxicological activities. Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of masters of philosophy, school of pharmacy, college of health sciences, University of Zimbabwe.

More Articles from INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND MODERN TECHNOLOGY