Analysis of Physico-Chemical Factors Influencing Aquatic Macrophyte Distribution in Gwagwalada Water Bodies, Nigeria
Abstract
The ecological health of freshwater systems is strongly influenced by physicochemical parameters, which regulate the distribution, diversity, and structure of aquatic macrophytes. This study assessed key water quality parameters and their relationships with macrophyte distribution in three flowing and three non-flowing water bodies in Gwagwalada Area Council, Nigeria. Water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved solids , total suspended solids , dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness (TH), total solids (TS), and biochemical oxygen demand . Data were compared between flowing and non-flowing sites, and a one-way ANOVA was conducted to evaluate differences between water types. Although variations in physicochemical conditions were observed among sites (e.g., pH ranged from 6.55 to 7.60; DO ranged from 16 to 34 mg/L), no statistically significant differences were found between flowing and non-flowing water bodies for any parameter (p> 0.05). A checklist of 22 aquatic macrophyte species revealed representation across 12 families, with Poaceae and Fabaceae being the most prevalent. Distribution matrices indicated that species assemblages differ markedly between flowing and non-flowing habitats, reflecting habitat heterogeneity and nutrient regimes shaping plant communities. The lack of significant physicochemical variation aligns with findings from other Nigerian freshwater studies, suggesting that water quality remains within ecological thresholds that support aquatic life in both lentic and lotic systems. Observed diversity patterns underscore the importance of both abiotic and biotic interactions in structuring macrophyte communities. Continuous monitoring of water quality and vegetation structure is recommended to inform sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems in tropical regions.
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