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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Soils from an Auto-Mechanic Workshop Using Multivariate Pollution Indices

Godwin Akpan Etuk-Udo and Godspower Harrison Igbinoba

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in urban and industrial soils is a primary environmental concern. These metals do not readily break down, can harm ecosystems, and may affect human health. Automotive workshops are significant sources of heavy metals, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). These metals reach the soil through waste oil, fuel spills, battery work, brake wear, and metal corrosion. This study measured heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in soils from an auto-mechanic workshop using several pollution indices: contamination factor (CF), contamination degree , metal pollution index , geo-accumulation index , and potential ecological risk index . Soil samples were collected from three workshop locations with varying activity levels and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry . Results showed that Zn, Cu, and Pb levels were much higher than those in local background soils, especially in the busiest area (L1), where Zn was 390.21 ± 3.21 mg/kg, Cu was 349.45 ± 3.68 mg/kg, and Pb was 801.33 ± 10.11 mg/kg. Statistical analysis (one-way ANOVA) found significant differences in metal concentrations between locations for most metals (p < 0.05). The CF, Cdeg, MPI, and Igeo indices indicated moderate to very high contamination, particularly for Pb and Zn, whereas PERI indicated that Pb and Cd were the primary ecological risks. These results highlight the strong link between workshop activities and soil heavy metal buildup, underscoring the need for regular monitoring and improved waste management to reduce ecological and health risks.

Keywords

Auto-mechanic workshop; Heavy metals; Soil contamination; Pollution indices; Ecological risk

References

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