References
Adesuyi, A. A. (2019). Assessment of automobile mechanic workshop soils in Lagos and the genotoxic potential of the simulated leachate using Allium cepa L. EQA – International Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 48–62. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281- 4485/8933 Adewuyi, F. A., Adejumo, B. O., Adewale, O. A., & Okorie, C. I. (2023). Heavy metal accumulation in urban soils near mechanic workshops, Lagos, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, 432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11023-4 Adnan, M., Xiao, B., Ali, M. U., Xiao, P., Zhao, P., Wang, H., & Bibi, S. (2024). Heavy metals pollution from smelting activities: A threat to soil and groundwater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 274, 116189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116189 Afahnwie, N. A., Yiika, L. P., Marian, C. S., Kachoueiyan, F., Gupta, N., Djibril, K. N. G., Birnila, M. C., Fomekong, B. K., Simou, A., & Wochoko, P. (2026). Geospatial distribution of hazardous metals and other elements in stream sediments of Akum, Cameroon: Insights into mineral exploration and ecosystem health using indexical and multivariate approaches. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 222, 118761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118761 Ahmed, N. O., Fagorite, V. I., Chikwado, A. G., Apata, D. M., Yanusa, L. J., Itiveh, E. S., & Biliaminu, Z. B. (2024). Pollution assessment and index properties of Okpulor soils, Rivers State, Nigeria: Geochemical characterization, geotechnical and geoenvironmental implications. Discover Environment, 2, 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00094-6 Ajeh, E. A., Modi, F. J., & Omoregie, I. P. (2022). Health risk estimations and geospatial mapping of trace metals in soil samples around automobile mechanic workshops in Benin City, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports, 9, 575–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.021 Ann, O. O., & Makyur, O. A. (2025). Assessment of heavy metal contamination from auto mechanic workshops in Abuja, Nigeria. British Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(8), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.31039/bjir.v2i8.84 Ataikiru, H. O., Ughabojo, G., Balogun, M. A., & Omosigho, H. N. (2025). Heavy metals contamination of water, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and soil of Ogini, Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of the Chemical Society of Nigeria, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.46602/jcsn.v50i1.1032 Cobbina, S. J., Edu, A. R., Bosso, E. E., Bampoe, E., & Gautam, S. (2025). Impact of industrial activities on soil quality in urban settings: A study of heavy metal concentrations in Lamashegu, Ghana. Discover Soil, 2, 68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44378-025-00098-5 Diagi, E. B., Okorondu, J. N., Susan, I. A., Ekweogu, C. V., Edokpa, D. O., Acholonu, C., & Edeh, S. (2023). Assessment of heavy metal contamination of soil in mechanic workshops at Nekede and Orji, Owerri Zone, Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, 29, 8–16. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2023/v29i71755 Duru, S. C., Echiegu, E. A., Anyadike, C. C., Alaneme, G. U., & Okechukwu, M. E. (2024). Spatial variability of heavy metals concentrations in soil of auto-mechanic workshop clusters in Nsukka, Nigeria. Scientific Reports, 14, 9681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60044-3 Emolade, M. O., Anozie, J. A., Adinkwu, O. M., Isoje, A. O., Aphiar, A. E., Okere, O. L., Balogun, N. J., Ehiwario, J. O., Orogu, U. B., & Okobia, U. B. (2025). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around auto mechanic workshops in Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria. Advances in Research, 26(3), 342–350. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2025/v26i31351 Etuk-Udo, G. A., Urhibo, V. O., & Tudararo-Aherobo, L. E. (2025). Isolation and characterization of dominant culturable Actinobacteria from spare-parts mechanic workshop soils in Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. Microbiology Research Journal International, 35, 167–177. Eze, V. C., Onwuka, S. U., & Eze, C. J. (2021). Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in soils around auto-mechanic workshops in southeastern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 25(2), 245–252. Guo, J., Dou, W., Liu, Z., Sun, J., Xu, D., Yang, Q., Lv, G., & Wang, D. (2023). Long-term heavy metal pollution induces complex differences in farmland topsoil and rhizosphere microbial communities. Sustainability, 15(24), 16598. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152416598 Ibigbamia, O. A., Adebawore, A. A., Asaolu, S. S., & Adefemi, S. O. (2025). Comparative study of five digestion methods for elemental analysis of soil using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Acta Chemica Malaysia, 1, 35–43. https://doi.org/10.26480/acmy.01.2025.35.43 Latimer, G. W., Jr. (Ed.). (2016). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International (20th ed.). AOAC International. Londe, R. L., Manga, E. V., Nanganoa, L. T., Tataw, G.-N. N., & Fofung, L. N. (2025). Heavy metal contamination in soil and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) in Bassa Industrial Zone, Douala, Cameroon: Implications for environmental health and ecosystem sustainability. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 13, 44–64. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2025.138003 Mensah, R. K., Amoako, P. O., & Owusu-Ansah, E. (2024). Urban soil contamination and ecological risks associated with heavy metals in rapidly developing cities. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 46(2), 905–921. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01592-4 Obayagbona, N. O., Dunkwu-Okafor, A., Odigie, O., & Osayande, A. D. (2024). Heavy metal profiles and pollution indices of topsoil sampled from six metallic material scrapyards located in Benin City, Mid-Western Nigeria. EQA – International Journal of Environmental Quality, 61, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.2281-4485/18950 Obiwuru, J. E., Adebayo, R. A., Lawal, M. T., & Yusuf, A. O. (2024). Multivariate assessment of soil contamination in urban workshop environments. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 59(2), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2023.2291846 Olanrewaju, O. O., Iwegbue, C. M., & Martincigh, B. S. (2022). Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk assessment of soils around automobile mechanic workshops in southwestern Nigeria. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 44(3), 789–805. Osakwe, S. A., Okolie, L. P., & Oze, R. (2021). Heavy metal levels in soils of auto-mechanic workshops in Benin City, Nigeria: Pollution indices and health risk assessment. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107(4), 632–640. Udiba, U. U., Modey, D. K., Ama, J., Amah, J. E., Sam-Uket, N. O., Emuru, E. O., & Chukwubuike, C. I. (2025). Quarry operations and soil health: Tracing metal pollution in Awi and Njagachan communities, Nigeria. Pollution Study, 6, 3155. https://doi.org/10.54517/ps3155 Wan, Y., Liu, J., Zhuang, Z., Wang, Q., & Li, H. (2024). Heavy metals in agricultural soils: Sources, influencing factors, and remediation strategies. Toxics, 12(1), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12010063 Wu, J., Li, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, H., & Zhou, F. (2023). Heavy metal accumulation, ecological risk, and sources in urban soils under rapid urbanization. Environmental Pollution, 317, 120768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120768 Yue, X., Shi, R., Ma, J., Li, H., Ma, T., Ma, J., Liang, X., & Ma, C. (2025). Spatial distribution and pollution source analysis of heavy metals in cultivated soil in Ningxia. Agronomy, 15, 2543. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112543