Leveraging Artificial Intelligence to Address Social Determinants of Health through the One Health Approach: Strategies for Public Health Improvement
Abstract
One Health is a collaborative framework recognizing the interconnection of human, animal, and environmental health. It emerged from early 2000s initiatives (e.g. the 2004 Manhattan Principles) that highlighted how outbreaks of zoonotic diseases such as West Nile virus, SARS, Ebola, and avian influenza demand interdisciplinary responses[1]. These events underscored that over 60% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, originating from animal reservoirs[2]. Social determinants of health “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age” (WHO, 2008) critically shape vulnerability to such health threats. Inequities in income, education, housing, and the environment lead to large gaps in health outcomes (e.g. life expectancy differs by decades between high and low income settings) (WHO, 2008; Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014). This study explores how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning can be harnessed within a One Health approach to address SDOH and improve public health resilience. A systematic review of literature up to 2018 (following PRISMA guidelines) was conducted, coupled with case study analyses from Africa, the U.S., and other regions. SDOH like poverty, low education, inadequate housing, and environmental degradation were found to exacerbate zoonotic disease risks and health disparities. Intersectoral One Health interventions including community based surveillance and integrated human animal health services showed success in reducing disease outbreaks and improving outcomes in disaster prone regions. Pre 2019 applications of AI in health (e.g. outbreak prediction from big data, image based diagnosis tools) demonstrate the technology’s potential to analyze complex multisectoral datasets, identify high risk populations, and guide targeted interventions. Integrating SDOH into One Health strategies is essential for pandemic prevention and health equity. AI, while nascent, offers powerful tools to enhance surveillance, early warning, a
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