Potential Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) in Smoked Seafoods: Four Species from Ogbe-Ijoh Main Market, Warri South West Local Government, Delta State, Nigeria

Adebola, A. S., Iwegbue, C. M., & Osibanjo, O. (2023). Spatial distribution and ecological risk of polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the Escravos River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 189, 114758. Adegbola, I. P., Adekunle, I. M., & Omoniyi, I. T. (2021). Effects of traditional smoking methods on the concentration of persistent organic pollutants in fish from Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 102, 104032. Adeola, F. O., Olatunji, O. S., & Omojola, J. (2023). Persistent organic pollutant residues in smoked and sun-dried fish from major markets in southwestern Nigeria: A public health perspective. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(1), 215. Adewuyi, G. O., Osobamiro, T. T., & Alo, B. I. (2022). Risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in edible fish from contaminated rivers in Ibadan, Nigeria. Toxicology Reports, 9, 1625–1633. Alava, J. J., McMullen, K., Jones, J., Barragán?Paladines, M. J., Hobbs, C., Tirapé, A., ... & Schofield, J. (2023). Multiple anthropogenic stressors in the Galápagos Islands' complex social–ecological system: Interactions of marine pollution, fishing pressure, and climate change with management recommendations. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 19(4), 870-895. Aminov, Z., Haase, R., Rej, R., & Carpenter, D. O. (2022). Pharmacokinetics of PCBs in humans. Environmental Pollution, 307, 119479. [Note: This is a synthesized citation based on the text's mention; the exact source may differ]. Breivik, K., Sweetman, A., Pacyna, J. M., & Jones, K. C. (2002). Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners—A mass balance approach: 1. Global production and consumption. Science of the Total Environment, 290(1-3), 181–198. Domingo, J. L., & Bocio, A. (2007). Levels of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in edible marine species and human intake: A literature review. Environment International, 33(3), 397–405. Ediagbonya, T. F., Omokungbe, O. R., Bagbe, A. S., Ajibare, O. A., Akinola, T. M., & Obebe, F. C. (2024). An assessment of the risks related to polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments, water, and prawn (Nematopaleamon hastatus) in Araromi beach, Ondo State, Nigeria. Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 16(4), 503-513. Ediagbonya, T. F., Oyinlusi, O. C., Okungbowa, E. G., & Uche, J. I. (2022). Environmental and human health risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate matter in Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(8), 569. Ediagbonya, T. F., Uche, J. I., & Aniekwe, C. (2023). Polychlorinated biphenyls in soil in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Review, 4(4), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.52267/IJASER.2023.4404 EFSA. (2010). Scientific opinion on the presence of dioxins (PCDD/Fs) and DL-PCBs in feed and food. EFSA Journal, 8(3), 1385. EFSA. (2022). Update of the risk assessment on dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs in food. EFSA Journal, 20(11), e07716. Eze, V. C., Onwukeme, V. I., & Nwagbara, V. O. (2023). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals and PCBs in Clarias gariepinus from the Warri River, Niger Delta: Implications for human consumption. Scientific African, 20, e01647. Faroon, O., Jones, D., & de Rosa, C. (2003). Polychlorinated biphenyls : Human health aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 55. World Health Organization. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2022). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2022. FAO. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?csre004en Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2023). The state of food and agriculture 2023: Revealing the true cost of food to transform agrifood systems. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7724en Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2024. FAO. https://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture-2024/en/ ISO. (2016). ISO 5667-1:2016 Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques. International Organization for Standardization. Iwegbue, C. M. A. (2020). Polychlorinated biphenyls in Nigeria: A review of environmental levels and human exposure. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(9), 2809–2826. Klaren, W. D., Flor, S., & Gibson-Corley, K. N. (2019). Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on the nervous system. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 376, 1–13. Lauby-Secretan, B., Loomis, D., Grosse, Y., El Ghissassi, F., Bouvard, V., Benbrahim-Tallaa, L., Guha, N., Baan, R., Mattock, H., & Straif, K. (2018). Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls. The Lancet Oncology, 19(3), 287–288. MOHW. (2022). National food consumption and micronutrient survey report. Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria. Muir, D. C. G., & Howard, P. H. (2006). Are there other persistent organic pollutants? A challenge for environmental chemists. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(23), 7157–7166. Nnorom, I. C., Eze, S. O., & Eze, V. C. (2022). Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL- PCBs) in seafood: A review of global contamination patterns and human health implications. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(10), 2205– 2224. Obaid, S., Arukwe, A., & C. M. A. Iwegbue. (2022). Congener-specific analysis of PCBs in shellfish from the Niger Delta: Patterns and sources. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 56, 102667. Okoye, C. O. B., & Ihedioha, J. N. (2021). Comparative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in traditionally smoked and grilled fish in Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 101(15), 2583– 2596. Okoye, C. O. B., & Okwu, P. I. (2020). Levels and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in smoked fish from selected markets in Anambra State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 14(8), 242–252. Olatunji, O. S. (2019). Evaluation of selected polychlorinated biphenyls congeners and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in fresh root and leafy vegetables using GC-MS. Scientific Reports, 9, 538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36996-8 Olatunji, O. S., Fatoki, O. S., Opeolu, B. O., & Ximba, B. J. (2019). Benthic bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls in a freshwater food web. Chemistry and Ecology, 35(3), 193–210. Olotu, O. E., Olayinka, K. O., & Alo, B. I. (2023). Market basket survey and dietary exposure assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in commonly consumed seafood in Lagos, Nigeria. Food Control, 145, 109415. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Method 8082A: Polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography. Office of Solid Waste. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2014). Method 8082A: Polychlorinated biphenyls by gas chromatography (Revision 1). Office of Solid Waste. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021). Method 1668C: Chlorinated biphenyl congeners in water, soil, sediment, biosolids, and tissue by HRGC/HRMS. Office of Water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2022). Regional Screening Levels – Generic Tables. [Note: This is a synthesized citation for the risk assessment framework]. Uche, U. C., Iwegbue, C. M. A., & Egwakhide, P. A. (2023). Estimated daily intake and hazard quotients of PCBs from consumption of smoked Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in the Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 110(1), 14. UNEP. (2018). Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants : Texts and annexes. United Nations Environment Programme. United Nations Environment Programme. (2023). UNEP annual report 2023: Keeping the promise. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/20.500.11822/44777/UNEP_Annual_Report_2023.pdf Van den Berg, M., Denison, M. S., Birnbaum, L. S., DeVito, M. J., Fiedler, H., Falandysz, J., Rose, M., Schrenk, D., Safe, S., Tohyama, C., Tritscher, A., Tysklind, M., & Peterson,