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Impact of Climate Change on Wildlife Migration and Breeding Patterns in Northern Savanna Parks

Jamiu Temitayo Adesanya

Abstract

Savanna ecosystems face serious ecological challenges as a result of climate change, which especially affects the migration and breeding patterns of wildlife. This study examines how important migratory and breeding behaviors in northern savanna parks are affected by changing rainfall patterns, rising temperatures, and vegetation dynamics. Long-term climate records, satellite-derived vegetation indices , and wildlife monitoring data such as migration routes, timing, and breeding phenology were all integrated in a quantitative, longitudinal manner. The findings show a steady rise in mean annual temperatures and increased variability in rainfall, along with a delayed start to the rainy season and a higher frequency of dry spells. The predictability of vital food resources was diminished by the increased variability in vegetation productivity. Wildlife showed changes in the timing and length of migrations, different routes, and shortened, postponed breeding periods, which resulted in decreased recruitment and lower juvenile survival, especially during drought years. With moderate to large impact sizes, statistical studies such as regression, ANOVA, and correlation verified substantial correlations between vegetation dynamics, climatic factors, and ecological consequences. The findings emphasize the cascading influence of climate change on animal behavior and population dynamics, underlining the need for adaptive conservation measures that promote habitat connectivity, monitor ecological changes, and forecast high-risk times for vulnerable species. This study contributes to understanding climate-driven ecological alterations in African savannas and supports evidence-based wildlife management and policy planning.

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