Submit your papersSubmit Now
For Enquiries: [email protected]
IIARD LogoIIARD
📄 Download Paper

Gender-Based Earning Analysis of Nurses in Auchi Metropolis

Phoebe Nwamaka Kanikwu, and Samuel Chinweuba Modeme

Abstract

Gender disparities in earnings remain a major concern in healthcare, especially in nursing, where issues of pay equity and career advancement often reflect broader social and institutional inequalities. This study explored gender-based earning patterns among nurses in Auchi Metropolis, Edo State, Nigeria, focusing on differences in salary progression and satisfaction with earning potential. A descriptive survey design was used, involving 51 registered nurses with 1–10 years of post-certification experience working in primary, secondary, and tertiary healthcare facilities. Data were collected using the Questionnaire on Gender-Based Earning Analysis of Nurses (QGEAN) and analyzed with SPSS version 25 using descriptive statistics and the Kruskal–Wallis test at a 0.05 significance level. Findings showed that most respondents were female (82.4%), mainly aged between 34 and 41 years. While both genders earned similar salaries at entry level, females dominated the mid-range income group (?6–9 million annually), whereas males were more visible in higher income brackets. Overall satisfaction with earnings was below average (mean <3), suggesting widespread dissatisfaction. Significant associations were found between satisfaction, years of experience, and job rank (K=5.00, p<0.001). The study highlights subtle gender differences in long-term income growth and calls for transparent, equitable, and gender-sensitive policies in nursing career progression.

References

African Economic Research Consortium. (2022). Understanding the gender earnings gap in Nigeria. https://publication.aercafricalibrary.org/handle/123456789/3762 Ajisegiri, W. S., Peiris, D., Abimbola, S., Odusanya, O. O., Tesema, A. G., Joshi, R., Angell, B., et al. (2022). It is not all about salary: a discrete-choice experiment to determine community health workers’ motivation for work in Nigeria. BMJ Global Health, 7, e009718. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009718. Akinyemi, B., George, B., & Ogundele, A. (2022). Relationship between job satisfaction, pay, affective commitment and turnover intention among registered nurses in Nigeria. Global Journal of Health Science, 14(2), 37–45. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v14n2p37 Boniol, M., McIsaac, M., Xu, L., Wuliji, T., Diallo, K., & Campbell, J. (2019). Gender equity in the health workforce: Analysis of 104 countries. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/311314 Catenaccio, E., Rochlin, J. M., Simon, H. K., (2022). Addressing gender-based disparities in earning potential in academic medicine. JAMA Network Open, 5(2), e220067. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0067. Centre for Global Development. (2023). Women in health: The gender pay gap and its impact on global health systems. https://www.cgdev.org/publication/women-health Doleman, G., et al. (2024). Female nurses face significant gender pay gap. Edith Cowan University. https://www.ecu.edu.au/newsroom/articles/research/female-nurses-face- significant-gender-pay-gap Fola, T. O., & Bala, M. M. (2021). Patterns of financial incentives in primary healthcare settings in Nigeria: Implications for productivity of frontline health workers. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07152-2 Ghasi, N. C., & Ogbuabor, D. C. (2020). Perceptions and predictors of organizational justice among healthcare professionals in academic hospitals in South-Eastern Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158107/. International Labour Organization & World Health Organization. (2022). The gender pay gap in the health and care sector: a global analysis in the time of COVID-19. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052895 Jena, A. B., Olenski, A. R., & Blumenthal, D. M. (2016). Sex differences in physician salary in US public medical schools. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(9), 1294–1304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.3284 Kolié, D. D., Van De Pas, R., Codjia, L., & Zurn, P. (2023). Gender dynamics and wage disparities in the nursing workforce: A global perspective. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 141, 104350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2023.104350 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (2018). Youthhood - A Period of Personal and Social Development. https://share.google/h17he8F17qL2O1U9f Olaniyan, J. O., Adetunji, K. M., & Adetunji, A. A. (2023). Factors affecting job satisfaction among nurses working in Ondo State. Future Business Journal, 9(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00267-4 Olupona, T., et al. (2021). It is not all about salary: a discrete-choice experiment to determine community health workers’ motivation for work in Nigeria. BMC Public Health. Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9594556/. Orji, A., & Nwosu, E. O. (2024). Analysis of gender wage gap and the Nigerian labour market: a new empirical evidence. International Journal of Manpower, 45(5), 926–957. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-11-2022-0549 Orji, I. J., & Nwosu, B. (2024). Gender-based earnings among nurses in Nigeria: Exploring patterns and disparities. African Journal of Health Economics and Policy, 16(1), 55–68. Ozumba, L. N., & Alabere, I. D. (2021). Pay satisfaction among doctors and nurses in a tertiary hospital in South-South Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 9(8), 2257–2262. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213070 Ozumba, L. N., & Alabere, I. D. (2022). Pay satisfaction among doctors and nurses in a tertiary hospital in South-South Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 10(2), 395–401. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20213070 Ukponahiusi, O., & Ahuru, R. R. (2024). A systematic review of the impact of incentives on job performance among healthcare workers in Africa. African Journal of Social and Behavioural Sciences, 14(8). Retrieved from https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/AJSBS/article/view/2989 Whaley, C. M., Arnold, D. R., Gross, N., & Jena, A. B. (2020). Practice composition and sex differences in physician income: Observational study. BMJ, 370, m2588. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2588 Whaley, C. M., Chen, A., & Hashim, D. (2020). Gender wage gaps in health care: Evidence from a large national employer. Health Affairs, 39(11), 1898–1905. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00419 World Health Organization. (2019): Breaking barriers: Towards more gender-responsive and equitable health systems. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/breaking-barriers- towards-more-gender-responsive-and-equitable-health-systems

More Articles from INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH

Influence of Secnedazol on the Pharmacokinetics of Diminazene Aceturate in Dogs Infected with Trypanosoma Brucei: A Crucial Study for Enhancing Treatment Efficacy

Author: Azor N.N

Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extract of Boswellia Odorata Against Some Isolates of Wound Among Patients Attending Selected Hospitals in Kano Metropolis

Author: Kamal Abdulkadir Muhammad, Ismaila Ahmed, Lawan Danjuma, Raliya Sulaiman, Dauda, Isah Musa Bebeji, Zubairu Sani Ibrahim, Yahaya Ubah Yau, Binta Kabir, Muhammad, and Mukhtar Aminu Bala, Corresponding author

Distribution and Health-Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Soils from E-Waste and Automobile- Dismantling Sites

Author: Olatunde Adesoji Aladegba, Moshood Ayinde

The Effect of Soaked Cassava Peel Meal Supplemented with Enzyme as Replacement for Maize on the Blood Hematological Characteristics of Broiler Chickens

Author: Okeke Euphemia Ifeoma

Prevalence and Prevention of Health Problems Among Inmates in Agodi Gate Correctional Centre, Ibadan

Author: John Betiku, a, Oluwabunmi Hannah Aremo, b, Emmanuel Olusegun Abe, a, Rachael, Omotomilayo Ajayi, c, Adenike Kaosarat Alabi, d, Kelechi Princess John, d, orcid ---