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Estimation of Radiation-Induced Cancer and Mortality Risks among the Patients Undergoing Intravenous Urography (IVU) in Kebbi State

Samaila B, Tijjani AM, AbdulAzeez MA, Olasoji OW, Garba II, Maidamma B, Rilwanu MD, Shehu AA, Abdullahi S, and, Usman B

Abstract

Intravenous urography (IVU) is essential for evaluating urinary tract disorders but involves ionizing radiation exposure that may induce cancer risks. Estimating patient-specific organ doses and effective dose is vital for optimizing safety. The major aim of tis work is to estimate organ absorbed doses, effective dose, and associated cancer incidence and mortality risks in patients undergoing IVU in selected hospitals in Kebbi State, Northwestern Nigeria. A cross- sectional study was conducted at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) [now: federal Teaching Hospital] Birnin Kebbi, Sir Yahaya Memorial Hospital (SYMH) Birnin Kebbi, and Yauri General Hospital (YGH). Patient and exposure data were collected, and organ doses were calculated using PCXMC 2.0 Monte Carlo software. Effective doses were derived from ICRP 103 tissue-weighting factors, and risks were estimated using nominal risk coefficients. The skin entrance region received the highest absorbed dose (3.98 mGy), followed by the spleen (3.70 mGy) and colon wall (2.00 mGy). Cancer incidence risks ranged from 2.91–7.12 per 100,000, and mortality risks from 1.48–3.63 per 100,000. FMC females recorded the highest incidence cancer (7.12) and mortality (3.63) risks, while YGH patients had the lowest (male incidence 3.37, female 2.91). Compared with literature, these risks were lower than typical IVU values and markedly below CT urography levels. Radiation-induced cancer risks from IVU in Kebbi State are relatively low and within global reference ranges. Hospital and gender variations underscore the need for patient-specific assessment, strict justification, and local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) to ensure optimized radiation protection.

Keywords

Intravenous urographyeffective doseorgan absorbed dosecancer riskKebbi

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