Spatial and Temporal Variations of TPH and PAH, in Bile’s Aquatic Ecosystems
Abstract
The Niger Delta region of Nigeria is highly vulnerable to crude oil pollution, with Bille community being one of the most impacted. This study assessed the spatial and temporal variations of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Bille’s aquatic ecosystems, focusing on surface water, sediments, and biota. Samples were collected across three stations and over six months (March 2023–January 2024), and analyzed using Gas Chromatography following standard USEPA protocols. Results revealed significant spatial variability in TPH concentrations across media. Surface water at Station 3 recorded the highest TPH level (3841.91 ± 817.04 mg/kg), while Station 1 consistently had the lowest concentrations. Sediments also showed elevated TPH and PAH levels in Stations 2 and 3 compared to Station 1, suggesting localized contamination hotspots. Biota (crabs and benthic organisms) demonstrated bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons, with crabs from Stations 2 and 3 recording significantly higher TPH levels (7.62 ± 1.33 mg/kg) than those from Station 1. Temporal variation showed that TPH concentrations peaked during the dry season (March 2023: 15.863 ± 3.231 mg/kg) but decreased markedly during the rainy months, reflecting the influence of seasonal dilution and degradation processes. PAHs were mostly below detection limits except for an early dry-season spike. These findings highlight persistent petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in Bille Creek, with clear spatial and seasonal dynamics. The study provides critical baseline data for risk assessment, environmental monitoring, and the design of site-specific remediation strategies for oil-impacted communities.
Keywords
References
More Articles from INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND EARTH SCIENCE
Author: Mustapha DAUDA, Emmanuel Ephraim DISHAN, B. Y. Duhu, AbdulRahman AHMAD
Author: Ikechi, B. A., and Ene, D. U.
Author: Elijah, U.D Uwem Ituen
Author: Osiriamhe, P. W., and Ene, D. U.
Author: Nweke, A. F., and Ene, D. U.
