Heat Input Prediction of Shielded Metal Arc Welding on Low Carbon Steel Pipelines Using Box-Behnken Design of Experiments

[1] Hansen, M.E. and Dursteler, E. “Pipeline, rail & trucks: Economic, environmental, and safety impacts of transporting oil and gas in the U.S, Strata” 2017, 1–6. [2] C.F. Mason, A comparison of the risk of transporting crude oil: Rail vs. pipeline, IAEE Energy Forum. (2018) 5–7. [3] Vervynckt, S. Verbeken, K., Lopez, B. and Jonas, J.J, “Modern HSLA steels and role of non-recrystallisation temperature,” International Materials Reviews. 57, 2012, 187– [4] Baker, T.N. “Microalloyed steels, Ironmaking and Steelmaking” 43, 2016, 264–307. [5] M. Morcillo, D. De la Fuente, I. Díaz and H. Cano.2011. Atmospheric corrosion of mild steel. Revista de Metalurgia. 47(5): 426-444. [6] Tkalcec I. 2004. Mechanical properties and microstructure of high carbon steel. Phd thesis, University of Zagreb, Croatia. [7] Totten G. E. 2006. Steel heat treatment handbook. 2nd Ed. CRC Press, Florida, USA. [8] E. Ranjbarnodeh, S. Weis, S. Hanke and A. Fischer. 2012. EBSD characterization of the effect of welding parameters on HAZ of AISI409. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy. 48(1): 115-121. [9] N. S. M. Nasir, M. K. A. A. Razab, S. Mamat and M. I. Ahmad. 2016. Review on welding residual stress. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 11(9): 6166-6175. [10] Popovi? O., Proki?-Cvetkovi? R., Burzi? M. and Milutinovi? Z. 2010. The effect of heat input on the weld metal toughness of surface welded joint. In: 14th International Research/Expert Conference: Trends in the Development of Machinery and Associated Technology. pp. 11-18. [11] M. A. Bodude1, I. Momohjimoh. "Studies on Effects of Welding Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Welded Low-Carbon Steel", Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2015, 3, 142-153 May 2015. [12] Lee, C. S., Chandel, R. S., and Seow, H. P. “Effect of welding parameters on the size of heat affected zone of submerged arc welding”, Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 15(5), 2000, 649-666. [13] M. A. Gaodi and D. Sangotra, ``A review paper on effect of varying welding heat inputs on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviours of ferritic stainless steel & mild steel,'' International Journal of Modelling Engi- neering Resolution, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 105-109, 2014. [14] K.Y. Benyounis, A.G. Olabi, Optimization of different weldingprocesses using statistical and numerical approaches—a reference guide. Adv. Eng. Softw. 39, 483–496 (2008) [15] K.S. Prasad, C.S. Rao, D.N. Rao, Review on application of response surface method based design of experiments to welding processes. J. Manuf. Sci. Prod. 12, 17–24 (2012) [16] P. Sreeraj, T. Kannan, S. Maji, Prediction and optimization ofweld bead geometry in gas metal arc welding process using RSM and Fimincon. J. Mech. Eng. Res. 5(8), 154– 165 (2013) [17] Antony, J. “Design of experiments for engineers and scientists”, Elsevier, 2003. [18] Box, G. E. P. and Behnken, D. W. “Some new three level designs for the study of quantitative variables”, Technometrics, Vol. 2, n., 4, pp. 1960, 455-475. [19] Chatterjee, S. and Price, B. “Regression analysis by example”, 2nd Ed., Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1977, pp. 200-202. [20] Agilan, M., Venkateswaran, T., Sivakumar, D. and Pant, B. “Effect of heat input on microstructure and mechanical properties of inconel-718 EB Welds”, Procedia Materials Science, 5, 2014, 656-662. [21] Dutta, J., and Narendranath, S. “Estimation of cooling rate and its effect on temperature dependent properties in welded high carbon steel joints”, 2014. [22] Thornton, C. E., and Webster, D. J. (1990). Progress in the use of metal powder additions for the welding of offshore structures. In Proceeding of the Ninth International Conference on offshore mechanics and arctic Engineering. 3, 399-408). [23] M. A. Gaodi and D. Sangotra, ``A review paper on effect of varying welding heat inputs on microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviours of ferritic stainless steel & mild steel,'' International Journal of Modelling Engi- neering Resolution, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 105-109, 2014. [24] Montgomery, D. C. “Design and Analysis of Experiments”, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1984. [25] Hicks, C. R. “Fundamental concepts in the design of experiments”, 4th Ed., Saunders College Publishing, 1993. [26] Pekka, N. “Designed a predictive model for the prevention of weld metal hydrogen cracking in high strength multipass welds”, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Oulu, 2003. [27] Khuri A. I. and Cornell, J. A. “Response Surfaces Design and Analysis”, 2nd Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1996.