References
Aguda, Akinola. FlashBack. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 1989. Anglin, Douglas. “Brinkmanship in Nigeria: The Federal Election of 1964-65.” International Journal: Canada’s journal of global policy analysis 20, no.2 (1965): 173-188. Bello, Mohammed, and Sule Babayo. “Party Politics and the fall of second Republic in Nigeria: A Reappraisal.” International journal of Humanities, Art and social sciences (IJHAS) 6, no.2 (2021):37-47. Capoccia, Giovanni. When Do Institutions “Bite”? Historical Institutionalism and the Politics of Institutional Change, Comparative Political Studies 1–33, DOI: 10.1177/0010414015626449 Capoccia, Giovanni, and Kelemen Daniel. “The study of critical junctures: Theory, narrative, and counterfactuals in historical institutionalism”. World Politics 59,no.3 (2007): 341–369. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0043887100020852. Clark, Trevor. A Right Honourable Gentleman. Zaria: Hudahuda Publishing Company limited, Collier, David, and Levisky Steven. “Democracy ‘with adjectives’: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research”. World Politics 49, no.3 (1997): 430- 451. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1997.0009 Collier, Paul. Wars, Guns & Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places. London: Vintage Press, Collier, Ruth, and Collier David. Shaping the Political Arena. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,1991. Crowder, Michael. The Story of Nigeria. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1962. Danjibo, Nathaniel, and Ashindorbe Kelvin. “The Evolution and Pattern of Political Party Formation and Search for National Integration in Nigeria”. Arabian Journal of African Studies 3, no.5 (2018):85-100. Diamond, Larry. 2007. “A Quarter-Century of Promoting Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 18 (4): 118–120 Ediagbonya, Michael, Ogunrotimi Olumide, and Ukhurebor Roland. “ Election Rigging and Violence in Nigeria in Historical Perspective: A Case Study of 1959, 1964, 1965 And 1983 Elections”. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis 06, no.01 (2023): 28-36. Ejituwa,Claude. “Electoral Process and Governance: Rigging of Elections in USA and Nigeria”. In Governance and Electoral Process: Nigeria and the United States of America, edited by Ovin Ogunba, 38-48. Lagos: American Studies Association of Nigeria, 1997. Erdmann, Gero, Elischer Sebastian, and Stroh Alexander. “Can Historical Institutionalism be Applied to Political Regime Development in Africa’’. German Institute of Global and Area Studies. GIGA Working Papers, no. 166 (2011):1-27. Fadakinte, Mojibayo. “Nigeria and Election Crises: Debating the Causes”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4, no. 6 (2014):74-86. Falola, Toyin, and Heaton Mathew. A History of Nigeria. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Fukuyama, Francis. The Origins of Political Order. London: Profile Books LTD, 2012. Hall, Peter, and Taylor Rosemary. “Political Science and the Three New Insitutionalisms”. Political Studies 44, no. 5 (1996): 936?957. Heymans, Chris. “The Politics of accommodation in the second Republic: An analysis of Nigerian Democracy between 1979 and 1983”. Africanus 6, no.1-2(1986):18-27. Ighodalo, Akhakpe. “Election Crisis, Liberal Democracy and National Security in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic”. European Scientific Journal 8, no. 26(2012):21-36. Immergut M. E. 2006. Institutional constraints on public policy. The Oxford Handbook of public policy. Iyayi, Festus. “Elections and Electoral Practices in Nigeria: Dynamics and Implications”. The Constitution 5, no. 2 (2005):1-32. Ji, Min. “Using a Historical Institutionalism Perspective to Examine Chinese Foundations’ Development Characteristics from the 1980s to 2017”. Sage Open, ( 2022): 1-13 DOI: 10.1177/21582440221079882 Lambe,Emmanuel, and Mubara Sulaiman. “Political Conflict and Electoral Violence in Nigeria: Implications on National Security”. African Journal of Politics and Administrative Studies16, no.2 (2023): 442-452. Mahoney, James, and Rueschemeyer Dietrich, eds. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2003. Mahoney, James. “Path dependent explanations of regime Change”. Studies in Comparative and International Development 36, no.1 (2001):111- 141. Mahoney, James. The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins university press: 2002. Meredith, Martin. The State of Africa: A History of Fifty Years of Independence. London: Simon & Schuster, 2006. Muna, Bernard A. “Africa’s Second Independence.” Journal of Democracy 2, no.3(1991)60-63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1991.0045. Neuman, Marek. “Historical Institutionalism and the European Union's post-Cold War Foreign Policy Development”. Journal of International Analytics 12, no.3 (2021): 72-86. doi.org/10.46272/2587. North, Douglas. Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. The Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Obadare, Ebenezer. “Why do public office holders in Nigeria increasingly appoint a large number of personal aides.” Africa in Transition, African Program and Diamonstein-Spielvolgel Project on the future of Democracy, 2023. Ogbeidi, Michael. “A Culture of Failed Elections: Revisiting Democratic Elections in Nigeria, 1959-2003”. Historia Actual Online no. 21 (2010): 43-56. Ojo, Emmanuel. “Government by incompatibles: A case study of the 1960 - 1964 Nigerian federal Government”. African Journal of Political Science 6, no.10 (2019): 001-010. Ojo, Emmanuel. “Leadership Crisis and Political Instability in Nigeria, 1964-1966: The Personalities, the Parties and the Policies”. Global Advanced Research Journal of History, Political Science and International Relation 1, no.1 (2012): 006-017. Omobowale, Ayokunle. “Disorder and democratic development: The political Instrumentalization of Patronage and Violence in Nigeria”. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 5, no.6 (2011): 283-286. Onwubiko, K.B.C. History of West Africa 1800- Present Day. Onitsha: Africana Educational Publishers, 1973. Pierson, Paul. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics”. American Political Science Review 94, no. 2(2000): 251-267. Pierson, Paul. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Pierson, Paul, and Skocpol Theda. “Historical institutionalism in contemporary political science”. In Political science: The state of the discipline, edited by Ira Katznelson and Helen Milner, 693-721. New York, NY: W.W. Norton, 2002. Pierson, Paul. “The rise and reconfiguration of activist government’. In The transformation of American Politics: Activist Government and the Rise of Conservatism, edited by Paul Pierson and Theda Skocpol, 19-38. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pierson, Paul. “The Path to European Integration: A Historical Institutionalist Perspective”. Program for the Study of Germany and Europe Working. Harvard University and Russell Sage Foundation, Paper no. 5.2, October 25, 1994. Pla?ek, Michal, Vaceková Gabriela, Valentinov, Vladislav, and & Ochrana František. “Historical institutionalism: a tool for researching the nonprofit sector in times of pandemic, Innovation”. The European Journal of Social Science Research, (2022):1-14. DOI: 10.1080/13511610.2022.2052027. Pollack, Mark. “The new institutionalisms and European integration”. In European Integration Theory, edited by Antje Wiener, Tanja A. Börzel, and Thomas Risse, 125–43. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schedler, Andreas. “Elections without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation”. Journal of Democracy 13, no.2