Hardiness, Loneliness and Psychological Distress among Elderly People in Benue-Northwest

Abbasi, M., Golmohammadian, M., & Kakabraee, K. (2023). Enhancing Psychological Hardiness and Distress Tolerance in Mothers of Hard of Hearing Children: The Efficacy of Mindfulness integrated with Spiritual Therapy. Journal of Clinical Research and Paramedical Science, 12(2), 138-149. Akanbi, S. T., Terwase, J. M., & Aki, B. D. (2023). The Influence of Psychological Hardiness, Narcissism, and Perfectionism on Depression Tendency among Undergraduate Students. Academic Journal of Psychology and Counseling, 4(2), 127-156. https:/doi.org/10. 22515/ajpc.v4i2.7470 Atlas, L., Farmer, C., Shaw, J., Gibbons, A., Guinee, E., Lossio-Ventura, J., Ballard, E., Ernst, M., Japee, S., Pereira, F. & Chung, J. (2023). Dynamic effects of psychiatric vulnerability, loneliness, and social distancing on distress during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from a large-scale longitudinal study. Journal of Pandemic Studies,3(1), 44-54. Azeem, T. & Mahwesh, A. (2015). Resilience, death anxiety, and depression institutionalized and non-institutionalized elderly. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 30(1),111-130. Bradshaw, S., Chant, S., & Linneker, B. (2019). Challenges and Changes in Gendered Poverty: The Feminization, De-Feminization, and Refeminization of Poverty in Latin America. Feminist Economics, 25(1), 119–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2018.1529417 Bu, F., Steptoe, A. & Fancourt, D. (2020). Loneliness during a strict lockdown: trajectories and predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in 38,217 United Kingdom adults. Social Science Medicine, 1, 265-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113521. Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014). Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness. Cognition and Emotion, 28(1), 3-21. Coutts?Smith, J. & Phillips, W. (2023). The Role of Trait Mindfulness in the Association between Loneliness and Psychological Distress. Mindfulness, 14, 1980–1996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02184-7 Daly, M. & Robinson, E. (2021). Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 136, 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jpsychires.2020.10.035. Drapeau, A., Marchand, A. & Beaulieu-Prevost, D. (2012). Epidemiology of psychological distress. In: L’Abade, L. (Ed.), Mental Illnesses-Understanding, Prediction and Control. In Tech (105–106). Eschleman, K. J., Bowling, N. A., & Alacron, G. M. (2020). A Meta-Analytic Examination of Hardiness. International Journal of Stress Management, 17(4), 277–307. https://doi.org /10.1037/a0020476 Fakoya, O. A., McCorry, N. K., & Donnelly, M. (2020). Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults: a scoping review of reviews. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8251-6 Ferrara, S. (2019). An initial development of a hardiness scale. Educational Specialist, 3, 144-167. https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/edspec201019/144 Hawkley, L. C., Wroblewski, K., Kaiser, T., Luhmann, M., & Schumm, L. P. (2019). Are U.S. older adults getting lonelier? Age, period, and cohort differences. Psychology and aging, 34(8), 1144–1157. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000365 Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A Meta-Analysis of The Trait Resilience and Mental Health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.paid.2014.11.039 Keller, F., Derksen, C., Kotting, L., Dahmen, A., Lippke, S., (2022). Distress, loneliness, and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Test of the extension of the Evolutionary Theory of Loneliness. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 15(1), 24-48. Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., Walters, E. E., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959–976. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006074 Landeiro, F., Barrows, P. & Nuttall-Musson, E. (2017). Reducing social isolation and loneliness in older people: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open, 7, 137-178. https://doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013778 Lassen, E., Hagen, K., Kvale, G., Eid, J., Hellard, S. & Solem, S. (2022). Personality traits and hardiness as risk and protective factors for mental distress during the COVID?19 pandemic: a Norwegian two?wave study. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 610-621 https://doi.org/10.1186 /s12888-022-04237-y Malcolm, M., Frost, H. & Cowie, J. (2019). Loneliness and social isolation causal association with health-related lifestyle risk in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. System Review, 8, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-0968-x Mehrabi, F. & Beland. F. (2020). Effects of social isolation, loneliness and frailty on health outcomes and their possible mediators and moderators in community-dwelling older adults: A scoping review. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 90, 104-119, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2020.104119. Milicev, J., Qualter, P., Goodfellow, C., Inchley, J., Simpson, S., Leyland, A., Kharicha, K. & Long, E. (2023). The prospective relationship between loneliness, life satisfaction and psychological distress before and during the COVID?19 pandemic in the UK. Journal of Public Health, 31, 1417–1431. Moradi, A., Ebrahimi, M. E. & Rad, I. S. (2018). The relationship between Psychological Hardiness, Demographic Variables, and Mental Disorders of the Nursing Staff at Be’sat Hospital, Hamadan. Journal of Research in Medical and Dental Sciences, 6(3), 198–205. Mostafaei, A. (2022). An Investigation of the relationship between hardiness and mental disorders of Payame-Noor university students. Annals of Biological Research, 3(2), 1153-1156. Ng, S. M., & Lee, T. M. C. (2020). The Mediating role of Hardiness in the Relationship between Perceived Loneliness and Depressive Symptoms among Older. Aging & Mental Health, 24(5), 805–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1550629 Officer, A., Schneiders, M. L., Wu, D., Nash, P., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Beard, J. R. (2016). Valuing older people: time for a global campaign to combat ageism. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94(10), 710–719. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.16.184960 Olawa, B., Idemudia, E., Omolayo, B. & Azikiwe, J. (2023). Loneliness and happiness in the face of the COVID-19 lockdown: examining the pathways through somatic symptoms and psychological distress. Health Psychology, 1, 1–13 Riedel-Heller, S. G., Busse, A., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2016). The state of mental health in old age across the ‘old’ European Union – A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(5), 388–401. Russell, D. (1996). University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. Sharifi, A. F. (2022). Loneliness and Psychological Well-being of University International Students: the role of Self Esteem. The Lancet, 3(12), 1532-1537. https://www.jelsciences.com/articles/jbres1630.pdf Suanet, B., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2019). Loneliness declines across birth cohorts: The impact of mastery and self-efficacy. Psychology and Aging, 34(8), 1134–1143. https://doi.org/10. 1037/pag0000357 Taylor, M., Pietrobon, R., Taverniers, T., Leon, M., & Fern, B. (2013). Relationships of hardiness to physical and mental health status in military men: a test of mediated effects. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 36, 1–9. Timalsina, R., & Songwathana, P. (2020). Factors enhancing resilience among older adults experiencing disaster: A systematic review. Australasian Emergency Care, 23(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2019.12.007 Von-Humboldt, S., Ribeiro-Gonçalves, J. A., & Leal, I. (2022). Bullying in Old Age: A Qualitati