References
Akoko, J. S., & Chessed, G. (2022). Prevalence of intestinal parasites among tuberculosis and non- tuberculosis patients attending hospitals in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 26(7), 1239-1244. Anssi, K., Jukka, J. & Anna-Liisa, L. (2019). Importance of sequence and timing in parasite coinfections. Trends in Parasitology, 35(2), 109-118. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2018.11.007. Bleaky, H. (2019). Disease and development: evidence from hookworm eradication in the American South. Economic. 122:73-112 Boraschi, D., Alemayehu, M., Aseffa, A., Chiodi, F., Chisi, J. & Prete, G. D. (2008). Immunity against HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis during co-infections with neglected infectious diseases: recommendations for the European union research priorities. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000255. e255. Cleveland Clinic (2024). Intestinal parasites. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/intestinal-parasites Devi, P., Khan, A., Chattopadhyay, P., Mehta, P., Sahni, S., Sharma, S., Pandey, R. (2021). Co- infections as modulators of disease outcome: Minor players or major players? Front Microbiol., 6(12), 664386. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664386. PMID: 34295314; PMCID: PMC8290219. El. Safi, S.H. Hamid, N. Omer, A. (2019). Infection rates with Leishmania donovani and mycobacterium tuberculosis in a village in Eastern Sudan. Trop. Med.Inte. Health. 2019;9:1305-1311. Elias, D. Mengistu, G. Akuffo H. and Brittons, S. (2016). Are Intestinal helminthes risk factors for developing active tuberculosis? Tropical Medicine and International Health. 11(4)1339- 45 Gallagher, M., Malhotra, I. (2015). The effect of maternal helminthes and malaria infections on mother-to-child HIV transmission. Aids 19:1849-55 Gesesew, H., Tsehaineh, B., Massa, D. et al. (2016). The prevalence and associated factors for delayed presentation for HIV care among tuberculosis/HIV co-infected patients in Southwest Ethiopia: a retrospective observational cohort. Infect Dis Poverty, 5(96). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0193-y Griffiths, E. C., Pedersen, A. B., Fenton, A. & Petchey, O. L. (2011). The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans. J Infect., 63(3), 200-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2011.06.005. Griffiths, E.C., Pedersen, ABP; Fenton, A: Petchey (2011). “The nature and consequences of coinfection in humans”. Journal of infection 63(3) 200-206 Haque, R. (2007). Human intestinal parasites. J Health Popul Nutr., 25(4):387-91. PMID: 18402180; PMCID: PMC2754014. Hotez, P.J., Bethony, J., Bohazzi, M.E. (2017). Control of neglected tropical diseases. New England Journal of Medicine 357.1018-1027. Itah, A.Y. and Udofia, S.M. (2015). Epidemiology and endmicity of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in South Eastern Nigeria, Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 36(2) 319-323 lemu, A., Bitew, Z.W. & Worku, T. (2020). Intestinal parasites co-infection among tuberculosis patients in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05237-7 Li, X. X., Chen, J. X., Wang, L. X., Tian, L. G., Zhang, Y. P., Dong, S. P., Hu, X. G., Liu, J., Wang, F. F., Wang, Y., Yin, X. M., He, L. J., Yan, Q. Y., Zhang, H. W., Xu, B. L. & Zhou, X. N. (2014). Intestinal parasite co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis cases without human immunodeficiency virus infection in a rural county in China. Am J Trop Med Hyg., 90(1), 106-13. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0426. Epub 2013 Oct 28. PMID: 24166044; PMCID: PMC3886404. Manuel Ramos, J. Reyes, F. (2016). Intestinal Parasites in adults admitted to a rural Ethiopian hospital: Relationship to tuberculosis and malaria. Seand J. Infect. Dis Mckee, A.S. and Pearce, E.J. (2014). CD 25+CD4+ Cells Contribute to th2 polarization during helminth infection by suppressing th1 response development. Journal of immunology 173:1224-31 Mckenzie, F.E. (2015). Polyparasitism. International Journal of Epidemiology. 34:221-222. Miguel, F.A. and Kremer, M. (2017). Worms: identifying impacts on education and health in the presence of treatment on externalities. Econometrica. 72:159-217 Nchang, L. C., Magha, C., Fonong, P. A., Victor, N., Gandjui, T., Tchatat, N. M., Nkimbeng, D. A., Nietcho, F. N., Foyet, J. V., Fombad, F. F., Katcho, T. D., Cho, J. F., Hoerauf, A., Ritter, M. and Wanji, S. (2025). Parasitic infection prevalence in tuberculosis patients and their household contacts in the Littoral Region of Cameroon. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 28(1), e00409. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00409. NTLCP (2022) National Tuberclosis and Leprosy control programme. Federal Ministry of Health, Department of Primary Health Care and Disease Control. Revised Workers’ Manual Abuja. Ottesen, F.A. (2016). Lymphatic filariasis treatment, control and elimination. Advanced Parasitology. 61:395-441 Peces, R. Torre, M. (2019). Visceral leishmaniasis and tuberculosis in a patient on maintenance haemodialysis. Sechroeder, H.W. Yarrish, R.L., Perkins, T.F. (2014). Sequential disseminated tuberculosis and taxoplasmosis in Haitian refugee. South medjournal 2014; 77:533-534. Seedat, S. Hargreaves, J.S., & Frieldland (2014). Engaging new migrants in infectious disease screening. Plos on, 9(10) 2014 World Health Organization (WHO) (2025). Tuberculosis. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tuberculosis World Health Organization. Global Tuberclosis programme. WHO Report 2022 World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control. WHO Report 2011. Geneva, Switzerland: World health Organization Press; 2011 WHO/HTM/TB/201116