Factors Affecting Employee Retention in Lao’s Public Sectors: A Preliminary Investigation

Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 267–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2 Agyeman, C. M., & Ponniah, V. M. (2014). Employee demographic characteristics and their effects on turnover and retention in MSMEs. International Journal of Recent Advances in Organizational Behaviour and Decision Sciences, 1(1), 12–29. Alli, K. O. (2023). Demographic and organisational factors as predictors of retention among health care workers in South West Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(12), 136–146. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 252–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0043 Amabile, T. M., & Kramer, S. J. (2011). The progress principle: Using small wins to ignite joy, engagement, and creativity at work. Harvard Business Review Press. Ameziane, T. (2023). Professional development and growth opportunities: Nurturing career advancement. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications, and Conflict, 27(5), 1–3. Ashkanasy, N. M., Wilderom, C. P. M., & Peterson, M. F. (2014). The handbook of organizational culture and climate (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Toward a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476 Bartlett, K. R. (2001). The relationship between training and organizational commitment. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 335–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1001 Borman, G. D., & Dowling, N. M. (2017). Teacher attrition and retention: A meta-analytic and narrative review of the research. Review of Educational Research, 78(3), 367–409. Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. Chivandire, B. (2017). Factors influencing academic staff retention in Zimbabwean universities. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(14), 62–69. Cohen, A. (2007). Commitment before and after: An evaluation and reconceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 17(3), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2007.05.001 Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 425–445. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. Crosby, D. H. (2014). Improving employee retention in the public sector by increasing employee engagement. Fourth Annual International Conference on Engaged Management Scholarship. SSRN. Danna, K., & Griffin, R. W. (1999). Health and well-being in the workplace: A review and synthesis of the literature. Journal of Management, 25(3), 357–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500305 Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999 Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. Fowler, F. J. (2013). Survey research methods (5th ed.). SAGE Publications. Forbes Business Council. (2021). 10 ways managers can support employee career growth. Forbes Business Council. Forbes Business Council. (2025). Employee training as a strategic investment for long-term growth. Forbes Business Council. Gerhart, B., & Fang, M. (2015). Pay, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, performance, and creativity in the workplace. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 489–521. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych- 032414-111418 Gomez, K. S. (2023). A review of public sector management’s role in retaining employees (Master’s thesis, California State University, Northridge). ScholarWorks. Giauque, D., Anderfuhren-Biget, S., & Varone, F. (2019). Stress and turnover in the public sector: The impact of work conditions. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 85(3), 456–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1254105 Guthrie, J. P. (2001). High-involvement work practices, turnover, and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069345 Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021- 9010.87.2.268 Hughes. (2021). 8 steps for improving employee engagement in the public sector. Hughes. Ilmkidunya. (2025). The role of mentorship in career growth: Benefits & strategies. Ilmkidunya. Iqbal, A. (2010). An empirical assessment of demographic factors, organizational ranks, and organizational commitment. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(3), 16-27. Jepsen, D. M., & Rodwell, J. J. (2013). Gender differences in organizational justice predicting key employee outcomes of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference Proceedings, 1-15. Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Podsakoff, N. P., Shaw, J. C., & Rich, B. L. (2017). The relationship between pay and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.10.005 Krekel, C., Ward, G., & de Neve, J.-E. (2019). Employee well-being, productivity, and firm performance. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 168, 473–493 Kuenzi, M., & Schminke, M. (2009). Assembling fragments into a lens: A review, critique, and proposed research agenda for the organizational work climate literature. Journal of Management, 35(3), 634-717. Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1297–1343). Rand McNally. Magaji, N., Akpa, V. O., & Ogundiwin, I. J. (2021). Career development, job security, and employee retention: An empirical study of selected private universities in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management, 9(9), 1–15. Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1990). A review and meta-analysis of the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 171–194. Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1991) A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z. ModernGov. (2022). Five strategies for employee retention within the public sector. ModernGov. Pfeffer, J. (1998). The human equation: Building profits by putting people first. Harvard Business School Press. Rahaman, A. (2023). The case for transparency in the workplace and its impact on organizational performance. Forbes Business Council. Riketta, M. (2002). Attitudinal organizational commitment and job performance: A meta- analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(3), 257–266. Rynes, S. L., Gerhart, B., & Minette, K. A. (2004). The importance of pay in employee motivation: Discrepancies between what peop