Effect of Continuous and Interval Training on Variables of Metabolic Syndrome of Female Students of College of Education Katsina-Ala Benue State Nigeria
Abstract
This study examined the effect of continuous and interval training on variables of metabolic syndrome of female students of College of Education Katsina-Ala. To achieve this purpose, 4 null hypotheses were formulated for the study. Also the quasi-experimental research design was used in which 34 female students were randomly selected from a population of 422 female students of the College of Education Katsina-Ala, after screening. The participants were assigned to either continuous training group (n=17) or interval training group (n=17). Both groups underwent 8 weeks continuous or interval training, three times a week for 60 minutes at an intensity of 50-55% HRmax. The participants’ systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and waist circumference, were assessed at baseline, after 4th week and after 8th week. The data collected was analyzed using repeated measures of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), with level of significance set at 0.05. The result of the study showed significant effect of continuous and interval training on SBP (p=.004), DBP (.000) and WC (p=.000) but not on FBG (p=.234). The study concluded that regular aerobic exercises can mitigate risks associated with metabolic syndrome among female students of College of Education Katsina-Ala in Benue State. It was recommended among others that female students of College of Education Katsina-Ala should be encouraged to participate in continuous jogging or walking and interval running to reduce risk factors and prevent the development of variables of metabolic syndrome.
Keywords
; Metabolic syndromeContinuous trainingInterval training
References
Ada, J. (2012). Effects of aerobic training on blood sugar, lipid profile and blood pressure on gestational diabetic women. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Physical and Health Education, ABU, Zaria. Adnan, E., Rahman, I. A. & Faridin, H. P. (2019). Relationship between insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome components and serum uric acid. Diabetes and metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and reviews 13 (3): 2158-2162. Ali, N., Samadder, M., S., Shourove, J. H., Taher, A., & Islam, F. (2023) Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in university students and academic staff in Bangladesh Babalola, J. F. (2008). Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology. Surulere, Lagos: Beacon Books Babatunde, L. A. (2013). Effects of resistance and aerobic training on blood pressure, blood sugar and body composition of obese Nigerian male and female adults. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Physical and Health Education, ABU, Zaria. Bakari, A. G. (2014). The challenge of diabetes mellitus: The urgent need for lifestyle modification. A compendium of Ahmadu Bello University 2014 inaugural lectures. Zaria: ABU Press. Chior, T. T., Tsauri, Y. M. & Chior, F. D. (2021). Effects of continuous and interval training on metabolic syndrome among male young adults in Katsina-Ala in Benue State. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Sports and Leisure Studies 7 (1), 52-69. Coquart, J. B., Boitel, G., Borel, B., Matran, R., Mounier-Vehier, C. and Gorun, M. (2014). Effects of a training program at the crossover point on the cluster of metabolic syndrome abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors. Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness 12 (2), 73-79. Retrieved from www.e.jesf.com/article/s1728-869x. Ezema, C. I., Onwali, A. A., Lamina, S., Ezugwu, U. A., Amaeze, A. A. & Nwankwo, M. J. (2014). Blood glucose response to aerobic exercise training program among patirents with type 2 diabetes mellitus at the university of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enugu, South- East Nigeria. Sahel Medical Journal, 17 (2): 54-59. Fahed, G., Aoun, L., BoeZerdan, M., Allam., Bouferraa, Y. & Assi, H. I. (2022). Metabolic Syndrome Updates on Pathophysiology and Management. International Journal of Molecular sciences 23 (2), 786. Fisher, G., Brown, A. W., Bohan-Brown, M. M., Alcorn, A., Noles, C., Winwood, L., Resuehr, H., George, B., Jeansonne, M. M. & Allison, D. B. (2015). High intensity interval Vs moderate intensity training for improving cardiometabolic health in overweight and obese males: A randomized controlled trail. From http://journals.plos.org. Retrieved 20th May, Gallo-Villages, J., Aristizabal, J. C., Estrada, M., Vabuena, L. H., Narvaez-Sanchez, R., Osorio, J., Aguine-Acevedo, D. C. & Calederfon, J. C. ( 2018).Efficacy of high intensity, low volume interval training compared to continuous aerobic training on insulin resistance, skeletal muscle structure and function in adults with metabolic syndrome. Trials, 19:144 Gross, K. (2015). The acute effect of HIIT Vs moderate intensity continuous training on postprandial blood glucose regulation. The Plymouth student scientist, 8 (2), 29-49. Hassan, M.M.M., Abdelkreem, M.I., Mahmoud, H.E.M. & Mohammed, A.M. (2022). Cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic syndrome in patients with knee osteoarthritis. SVU-International Journal of Medical Sciences 5 (1), 343-349. Henson, J., Davies, M. J., Hall, A. P. and Yates, T. (2025). Physical activity and metabolic health: Is it all in timing? International Journal of Obesity; http//doi.10.1038/s41366- 025-01736-2 Jatau, R. S. (2012). Effects of moderate intensity interval training in running on body fat patterns, blood pressure, serum glucose, lipids and lipoproteins of sedentary Nigerians male adults. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Department of Physical and Health Education, ABU, Zaria. Kamal, N. N. & Raggy, M. M. (2012). The effects of exercise on C-reactive protein, insulin, leptin and some cardio-metabolic risk factors in Egyptian children with or without cardio- metabolic syndrome. Diabetology and Cardio-metabolic syndrome, 4 (1): 27, Kelishadi, R. (2007). Childhood overweight, obesity and the metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiological Review 29: 62-76. Lamina, S. (2010). Effects of continuous and interval training program in the management of hypertension. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Hypertension Greenwich, 12 (11): 841-849. Livingstone, I. L., Nuriddin, T, Staggers, R. and Butler, J. (2013). Globalization, stress and metabolic syndrome. A selected focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Global awareness society international 22nd annual conference. Mendis, S, Graham, I., & Narula, J. (2022). Addressing the global burden of cardiovascular diseases; need for scalable and sustainable frameworks. Global Heart. 17, 48. Mohebi, A., Pathirana, M. M., Khoja, A., Wittwer, M., Lowe, K., Fisher, D., Kharwadkar, S., Gomes, C., Gamage, T., Toyer, E., Young, S., Arstall, M. A. & Andraweera, P. H. (2025). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Retrieved 8/5/2025 from http://doi.org/10.1007/s2020-025-04160-8. Mazurek, K., Krawczyk, K., Zmijewski, P., Norkowski, H. and Czajkousa, A. (2014). Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 21(4):844-849. Mohamed, S. M., Shalaby, M. A, El-Shiekh, R. A., El-Banna, H. A., Emam, S. R. & Bakr, A. F. (2023). Metabolic Syndrome: risk factors, diagnosis, pathogenesis and management with natural approaches. Food Chemistry Advances Retrieved 6/5/2025 from http://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100335. National Health and Medical Research Council (2013). Practice guidelines for the management of overweight and obesity in adults, adolescents and children in Australia. Omeiza, S. U. (2012). Effects of continuous and interval exercise training on blood pressure, body weight and percent body fat overweight male and female adults in Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Department of Physical and Health Education, ABU, Zaria. Regaieg, S., Charfi, N., Kamoun, S., Eulleuch, M., Marrakchi, R., Jamoussi,K., Damak, J. & Abid, M. (2015). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Overweight and Obese Secondary School Adolescent in SFAX, Tunisia. International Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 3 (1): 1-6. Romain, A. J, Fankam, C., Karelis, A., Letendre, E., Mikolajacks, G., Stip, E. & Abdel-Baki, A. ( 2018). Effect of interval training on metabolic risk factors in overweight individuals with psychosis. A randomized controlled trail. Schzophrenia Bulletin, 44(1) S17. Sani, B. G. (2014). The dilemma of dealing with a silent enemy. A compendium of Ahmadu Bello University 2014 inaugural lectures. Zaria: ABU Press. Silveira, L. S.; Buonani, C.; Monteiro, P. A.; Mello Antunes, B. M. and Freitas Junior, I. F. (2013). Metabolic Syndrome: Criteria for Diagnosing in Children and Adolescents. Endocrinol Metab Synd 2:118.doi:10.4172/2161-1017.1000118 Swarup, S., Ahmed, I., Grigorova, Y. & Zeltser, R. (2024). Metabolic Syndrome. National Centre for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved from www. ncbi. nim.gov 4th June,2024 Thomas, J. R. & Nelson, J K. (1990). Research method in physical activity. (2nd ed.). USA: Human Kinetics Vaduganathan, M., Mensah, G. A., Turco, J. V., Fuster, V., & Roth, G. A. (2022). The global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk: a compass for future health. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 80, 2361–2371. Venugopal, V., Dongre, A. & Saravanan, S. (2019). Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome among rural adult population of pudecherry. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews 44(1):21-2, doi.10.4103/ijcm:UCM_132_18 World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommendations
More Articles from INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EVALUATION AND PHYSICAL REPORT
COVID-19 and Its Impact on Government Workers Performance
in Nigeria: A Study of Oredo Local Government Area, Edo
Author: Gabriel Favour Eke, PhD, Mack Ebohol Oriakhi PhD
Effect of Acha ( Digitaria exilis ) Pudding Consumption on Fasting and Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at the Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos- Nigeria
Author: Dabe Grace, Oluchukwu Ogechukwu Anunobi, and Daikwo Moses Alilu
The Role of Medicine Quality Failures in the Emergence and Spread of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Narrative Review
Author: Oluchi Beatrice Aneke, Abimbola Caleb Adesemoye, Esther Sydney
Regulatory Harmonization and Convergence in Global Medicine Quality Assurance: A Review of Frameworks, Pathways, and Implementation Barriers
Author: Oluchi Beatrice Aneke, Abimbola Caleb Adesemoye, Esther Sydney
Psychosocial Impact of Infertility Among Women of Reproductive Age Attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State, Nigeria
Author: Mary Saidu, Phoebe Nwamaka Kanikwu, and Juliana Afemikhe